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The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) represent one of the relatively few families of extracellular signalling peptides that have been shown in recent decades to be key regulators of metazoan development. FGFs are required for multiple processes in both protostome and deuterostome groups. Given the wide range of regulatory roles attributed to the FGFs, it is perhaps not surprising that misregulation of this signalling pathway has been implicated in a number of human disease conditions. The focus of the present review is to look at the fundamental components of the FGF pathway and illustrate how this highly conserved regulatory cassette has been deployed to regulate multiple, diverse processes during vertebrate development. This review will explore examples from several vertebrate model organisms and include discussions of the role of FGF signalling in regulating the establishment of the mesoderm, neural patterning, morphogenesis, myogenesis, limb development, and the establishment of right-left asymmetry.

Fibroblast growth factors. --- Vertebrates -- Development. --- Vertebrates -- Growth & development. --- Fibroblast Growth Factors --- Chordata --- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins --- Animals --- Biological Factors --- Proteins --- Eukaryota --- Peptides --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Organisms --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 --- Vertebrates --- Zoology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Animal Anatomy & Embryology --- Growth factors. --- Growth. --- Fibroblast Growth Factors. --- growth & development. --- Fibroblast growth factor --- Mesoderm --- Neurectoderm --- Xenopus --- Organogenesis --- Somites --- Limb --- MyoD --- Somitogenesis --- Morphogenesis --- Left-right asymmetry --- MAPK --- Sprouty --- ERK --- Map kinase phosphatase --- Signal transduction

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Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signal transmission has an essential function in embryonic development and tissue repair, and is dysregulated in the vast majority of malignancies studied. The FGF signaling in the tumor cells is usually increased by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms and gives them a high growth potential, resistance to apoptosis, neoangiogenesis and metastasis, all essential parameters relevant for tumor progression. This makes FGFs, and their tyrosine kinase receptors FGFRs, valuable targets for therapeutic interventions. This book is a collection of 15 recent articles—both original work and reviews—that summarize the current research state effectively. The content covers FGF signaling aspects in gastric, skin, liver, esophageal cancer, melanoma, mesothelioma and glioblastoma, including one article that addresses the role of FGF in the tumor-microenvironment cross-talk. Several reports describe the development of compounds targeting FGFRs, their structure and interaction with the receptor molecules, and their effectivity in preclinical and clinical testing. In summary, the papers demonstrate the complexity of the topic, with various FGF ligands and receptors involved and the need for further research. They also present results that fuel hope that targeting cancer with dysfunctional FGF signaling can become a realistic treatment option.

Medicine --- FGFR4 --- FGF19 --- gene regulation --- cancer signaling --- anticancer --- FRS2 --- FGFR --- NVP-BGJ398 --- LY2874455 --- sarcoma --- cancer-associated fibroblasts --- GPER --- breast cancer --- estrogen --- FGFR1 --- FGF2 --- optogenetics --- ERK --- AKT --- receptor kinase --- neurite outgrowth --- HEK293 --- PC12 --- fibroblast growth factor receptors --- signaling --- receptor cross-talk --- coreceptor --- membrane proteins --- FGFR2 --- ERK1/2 --- phosphorylation --- serine --- negative feedback loop --- cancer --- prognosis --- HCC --- inhibitors --- FGF --- fibroblast growth factor --- autocrine signaling --- skin --- melanoma --- squamous and basal cell carcinoma --- seborrheic keratosis --- targeted therapy --- resistance --- structure --- kinase inhibitor --- gastric cancer --- monoclonal antibody --- small molecule --- FGFR2c --- autophagy --- keratinocyte --- MTOR --- JNK1 --- review --- malignant glioma --- brain cancer --- astrocytoma --- Sprouty proteins --- FGF-mediated signaling --- tumor suppressor --- tumor promoter --- malignant pleural mesothelioma --- overall survival --- immunohistochemistry --- infigratinib sensitivity --- FGF8 --- FGF18 --- adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction --- neoadjuvant therapy --- n/a

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Fucoidans are a group of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides found in many species of brown seaweeds, with numerous bioactive properties. As a highly bioactive seaweed substance with many promising physiological activities, fucoidans have attracted attention from many industries all over the world. Even though fucoidans are a rich source of bioactive properties, the structural properties and bioactive mechanisms of fucoidans are poorly understood. Therefore, novel studies that either characterize the physical properties or biological activities of fucoidans will fill the knowledge gap between industrial applications and the scientific background of those applications. Both purified and partially purified fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds present high potential as preventative and therapeutic agents against number of chronic diseases, due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticoagulative properties. This Special Issue is aimed at presenting updated information on well-documented studies of the structural characterization and major biological actions relevant for medical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical applications that fucoidans isolated from brown seaweed can offer.

Medicine --- fucoidan --- low-molecular-weight fucoidan --- adriamycin --- nephrotic syndrome --- psoriasis --- Traf3ip2 --- microbiota --- mucin --- IgA --- fucoidans --- extraction --- brown algae --- production --- bioactivities --- Sri Lankan algae --- anticancer --- sulfated polysaccharide --- Celluclast --- sargassum --- antioxidant --- Maldives --- Padina boryana --- zebrafish --- apoptosis --- DR4 --- mitochondrial pathway --- cancer --- metastasis --- epithelial mesenchymal transition --- nanoparticles --- Helicobacter pylori --- mozuku --- Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida --- urinalysis --- fucose --- enzymatic purification --- age-related macular degeneration --- VEGF --- oxidative stress --- Laminaria digitata --- Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens --- Saccharina latissima --- retinal pigment epithelium --- ROS --- Phaeophyta --- carbohydrate --- UVB irradiation --- HaCaT cells --- sulfated heterosaccharide --- dopamine neurons apoptosis --- PI3K–Akt --- ascorbic acid --- anti-lung cancer --- human lung carcinoma A-549 cells --- hydrogen peroxide --- Sargassum crassifolium --- fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum --- postprandial hyperglycemia --- in vitro and in vivo evaluation --- SGLT1 --- chitosan --- fibroblast growth factor-2 --- polyelectrolyte multilayer --- infrared spectroscopy --- quartz crystal microbalance --- sulfated polysaccharides --- natural defenses --- phenolic metabolism --- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase --- n/a --- PI3K-Akt

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Refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps (RACHP) have an important impact on the final energy uses of many sectors of modern society, such as residential, commercial, industrial, transport, and automotive. Moreover, RACHP also have an important environmental impact due to the working fluids that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, which are being phased out according to the Montreal Protocol (1989). Last, but not least, high global working potential (GWP), working fluids (directly), and energy consumption (indirectly) are responsible for a non-negligible quota of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere, thus impacting climate change.

History of engineering & technology --- burnt-out diabetes --- chronic kidney disease (CKD) --- dialysis --- end-stage renal disease (ESRD) --- incident diabetes mellitus (DM) --- insulin resistance --- dementia --- dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors --- diabetes mellitus --- type 2 --- Alzheimer’s disease --- vascular --- diabetes --- microperimetry --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- glucose fluctuations --- sarcopenia --- diabetic retinopathy --- type 1 diabetes --- quality of life --- treatment satisfaction --- patient-reported outcomes --- plaque characteristics --- carotid plaque --- echogenic plaque --- diabetic foot syndrome --- vascular disease --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- Klotho --- inflammation --- dermal electrochemical conductance --- neuropathy --- primary care --- screening --- sudomotor reflex --- prediabetes --- arterial stiffness --- baPWV --- aspirin --- primary prevention --- meta-analysis --- trial sequential analysis --- sCD36 --- type 1 diabetes mellitus --- branched-chain amino acids --- metabolomics --- NMR spectroscopy --- diabetic kidney disease --- reno-cardiovascular protection --- sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors --- glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists --- dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors --- obesity --- bariatric surgery --- diabetic macroangiopathy --- cardiovascular disease --- heart disease --- cerebrovascular disease --- peripheral artery disease --- diabetic foot disease --- diabetic microangiopathy --- diabetic neuropathy

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In this book, the emphasis is on various training interventions. Types of exercises that can help improve performance in athletes and health in people facing poor movement diseases.Also, we have presented a variety of strength training interventions in the form of various types of research. On the other hand, we continue to monitor internal and external loads related to non-contact injuries and performance analysis.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- COVID-19 --- immune response --- chronic diseases --- exercise --- oxidative stress --- anti-inflammatory treatment --- fibroblast growth factor 21 --- cytokines --- myokines --- anabolic–androgenic steroids --- athletes --- baroreflex sensitivity --- cardiac autonomic nervous system --- cardiac function --- physical guidance --- tracking task --- cerebral palsy --- challenge point framework --- frequency --- virtual driving --- physical activity --- behavioral status --- mental state --- older men --- reaction time --- visual coordination --- visual reaction --- female --- football --- autonomic modulation --- fatigue --- training load --- altitude --- haemoglobin --- erythropoietin --- hypoxia --- endurance --- sand --- occupational health --- tactical athlete --- landing error scoring system --- reactive strength index --- tactical personnel --- force plates --- military --- law enforcement --- neuromuscular fatigue --- spinal curvature --- Paralympic volleyball --- compensation strategy --- thoracic hyperkyphosis --- adapted training --- low back pain --- kidney failure --- AKI --- health --- biomarkers --- strenuous exercise --- mountain running --- kidney function --- off-road running --- performance --- kinematics --- laser --- computer vision --- inertial device --- IMU --- injury risk --- high load --- external monitoring --- high-speed distance --- global positioning system --- movement analysis --- handball shot --- internal load --- shot precision --- motor decisions-making --- GPS --- T-Patterns --- acceleration --- motor praxeology --- role --- anatomy --- spine --- thoracic spine --- low back --- lumbar spine --- biomechanics --- rowing --- antioxidant status --- nutrition --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- biomechanical analysis --- pressure insoles --- Xsens motion capture system --- performance analysis --- recreational skiers --- dry-land training --- GEE modeling --- oxygen consumption --- strength training --- surface electromyography --- bone mineral --- skeletomuscular robusticity --- elite athletes --- DEXA --- executive functions --- shooting performance --- gender differences --- cadets --- resistance training --- power exercise --- team sport --- conditioning capabilities --- lower extremity --- dynamic balance --- dose–response --- training intensity --- elastic bands --- chain --- eccentric training --- decline squat --- patellar tendon --- sonoelastography --- stiffness