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This paper argues that legislative malapportionment, denoting a discrepancy between the share of legislative seats and the share of population held by electoral districts, serves as a tool for pre-democratic elites to preserve their political power and economic interests after a transition to democracy. The authors claim that legislative malapportionment enhances the pre-democratic elite's political influence by over-representing areas that are more likely to vote for parties aligned with the elite. This biased political representation survives in equilibrium as long as it helps democratic consolidation. Using data from Latin America, the authors document empirically that malapportionment increases the probability of transitioning to a democracy. Moreover, the data show that over-represented electoral districts are more likely to vote for parties close to pre-democracy ruling groups. The analysis also finds that overrepresented areas have lower levels of political competition and receive more transfers per capita from the central government, both of which favor the persistence of power of pre-democracy elites.

Democracies --- Democratic regimes --- Economic power --- Elections --- Electoral systems --- Emerging Markets --- Governance --- Labor Policies --- Legislation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Parliamentary Government --- Political Economy --- Political groups --- Political influence --- Political representation --- Political Systems and Analysis --- Private Sector Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Voting

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This open access book describes how elite studies theoretically and methodologically construct their object, i.e. how particular conceptualizations of elites are turned into research practice using different methods for collecting, dealing with and analyzing empirical data. The first of four sections focuses on what Mills named the power elite and includes Bourdieu’s field of power. The second section addresses studies of the domain of economic power, whereas the third section centers on research on elite education. The fourth and last section highlights research on symbolic power, either within social fields or as a dimension of social structure at large, areas where recognition is essential. All sections comprise empirical case studies of elites and power, whereby each of which makes explicit the various methodological choices made in the research process. Through focusing on methodological approaches for the study of elites and power and on how such approaches relate to each other as well as to the theoretical perspectives that underpin them, this book will be a valuable source for social scientists.

Social sciences. --- Social Sciences, general. --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Elite (Social sciences) --- Elites (Social sciences) --- Leadership --- Power (Social sciences) --- Social classes --- Social groups --- Social Sciences, general --- Sociology --- Elite education --- Power structures --- Economic power --- Qualitative methods --- Quantitative methods --- Monetary policies --- Open Access --- Pierre Bourdieu --- Network analysis and social space analysis --- Geometrical Data Analysis and regression analysis --- Symbolic power and life styles --- Society & Social Sciences

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Japan's catapult to world economic power has inspired many studies by social scientists, but few have looked at the 45 years of postwar Japan through the lens of history. The contributors to this book seek to offer such a view. As they examine three related themes of postwar history, the authors describe an ongoing historical process marked by unexpected changes, such as Japan's extraordinary economic growth, and unanticipated continuities, such as the endurance of conservative rule. A provocative set of interpretative essays by eminent scholars, this book will appeal to anyone interested in the history of twentieth-century Japan and the dilemmas facing Japan today.

HISTORY / Asia / General. --- Japan --- History --- 92 --- JP / Japan - Japon --- J3390 --- J4000.90 --- Geschiedenis. --- Histoire. --- History. --- 92 Geschiedenis. --- 92 Histoire. --- 92 History. --- Geschiedenis --- Japan: History -- Gendai, modern -- postwar Shōwa (1945- ), Heisei period (1989- ), contemporary --- Japan: Social history, history of civilization -- postwar Shōwa (1945- ), Heisei period (1989- ), contemporary --- 1945 - 1989 --- Conditions sociales --- Politique et gouvernement --- Japon --- Histoire --- Japan - History - 1945 --- -Conditions sociales --- -Japan --- 21st century. --- academic. --- asian countries. --- asian history. --- contemporary. --- eastern world. --- economic power. --- economics. --- economy. --- essay collection. --- international. --- japan. --- japanese economy. --- japanese government. --- japanese history. --- japanese politics. --- japanese power. --- japanese. --- modern history. --- modern world. --- postwar japan. --- postwar. --- research. --- scholarly. --- social problems. --- social science. --- social scientists. --- wartime. --- world history. --- world war 2. --- wwii.

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What determines the strategies by which a state mobilizes resources for war? And does war preparation strengthen or weaken the state in relation to society? In addressing these questions, Michael Barnett develops a novel theoretical framework that traces the connection between war preparation and changes in state-society relations, and applies that framework to Egypt from 1952 to 1977 and Israel from 1948 through 1977. Confronting the Costs of War addresses major issues in international relations, comparative politics, and Middle Eastern studies.

Civil-military relations --- Relations pouvoir civil-pouvoir militaire --- History --- Egypt --- Israel --- Israël --- Egypte --- Military policy. --- Politics and government. --- Politics and government --- Politique militaire --- Politique et gouvernement --- 810 Theorie en Methode --- 830 Economie --- 836 (Multi-)nationale ondernemingen --- 837 Financiën en Bankwezen --- 841 Politiek Bestel --- 842 Media --- 850 Vrede- en conflictstudies --- 855 Oorlogsvoering --- 870 Defensie en Wapens --- 881.3 Noord-Afrika --- 883.4 West-Azië --- Civil-military relations. --- Israël --- Military and civilian power --- Military-civil relations --- Ägypten --- Egitto --- Egipet --- Egiptos --- Miṣr --- Southern Region (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Region (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Janūbī (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Territory (United Arab Republic) --- Egipat --- Arab Republic of Egypt --- A.R.E. --- ARE (Arab Republic of Egypt) --- Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah --- Mitsrayim --- Egipt --- Ijiptʻŭ --- Misri --- Ancient Egypt --- Gouvernement royal égyptien --- Executive power --- Sociology, Military --- Military government --- Égypte --- جمهورية مصر العربية --- مِصر‎ --- مَصر‎ --- Maṣr --- Khēmi --- エジプト --- Ejiputo --- Egypti --- Egypten --- מצרים --- United Arab Republic --- Arab Cold War. --- Arab–Israeli conflict. --- Arms industry. --- Austerity. --- Authoritarianism. --- Bourgeoisie. --- Capitalism. --- Colonialism. --- Comparative politics. --- Conscription. --- Correlates of War. --- Counter-insurgency. --- Criticisms of socialism. --- David Ben-Gurion. --- Domestic policy. --- Economic development. --- Economic growth. --- Economic nationalism. --- Economic policy. --- Economic power. --- Economic problem. --- Economics. --- Economy. --- Egyptian Government. --- Embargo. --- External debt. --- Failed state. --- Foreign policy. --- Great power. --- Hard currency. --- High politics. --- Histadrut. --- Hostility. --- Ideology. --- Imperialism. --- Industrialisation. --- International relations. --- Israelis. --- Liberalization. --- Mapai. --- Marxism. --- Militarism. --- Militarization. --- Military Keynesianism. --- Military service. --- Military strategy. --- Military threat. --- Military–industrial complex. --- National security. --- Nationalization. --- Neocolonialism. --- Neorealism (international relations). --- On War. --- Origins of the Cold War. --- Overproduction. --- Policy. --- Political Order in Changing Societies. --- Political alienation. --- Political economy. --- Politics Among Nations. --- Politics. --- Populism. --- Power politics. --- Private sector. --- Public expenditure. --- Public sector. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Radicalization. --- Realigning election. --- Realism (international relations). --- Requirement. --- Right-wing politics. --- Security dilemma. --- Security studies. --- Shortage. --- Soviet Union. --- State (polity). --- State formation. --- States and Social Revolutions. --- Strategic goal (military). --- Strategy. --- Tariff. --- Tax. --- Theory of International Politics. --- Third World. --- Total war. --- Trade barrier. --- Undue hardship. --- War bond. --- War economy. --- War effort. --- War of Attrition. --- War studies. --- War. --- Warfare. --- World Politics. --- World War I. --- World War II. --- Yom Kippur War. --- Zionism.