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"Most psychology research still assumes that mental processes are internal to the person, waiting to be expressed or activated. This book demonstrates that a new paradigm is forming in which contextual factors are central to the workings of the mind. Leading experts explore how psychological processes emerge from the transactions of individuals with their physical, social, and cultural environments. The result is a picture of the mind as highly malleable and adaptive to the constraints and potentialities of its context, rather than as self-contained and preprogrammed."--BOOK JACKET.

Affective and dynamic functions --- Context effects (Psychology) --- Effets de contexte (Psychologie) --- Associations, Contextual (Psychology) --- Context (Psychology) --- Contexts (Psychology) --- Contextual associations (Psychology) --- Contextualism (Psychology) --- Effects, Context (Psychology) --- Psychology

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Psychotherapy. --- Interpersonal Relations. --- Professional Practice --- Contextual therapy. --- Family psychotherapy. --- Thérapie contextuelle --- Thérapie familiale --- Psychothérapie --- ethics. --- Contextual therapy --- Family psychotherapy --- Psychotherapy --- Psychagogy --- Therapy (Psychotherapy) --- Mental illness --- Clinical sociology --- Mental health counseling --- Family group therapy --- Family therapy --- Families --- Group psychotherapy --- Marriage counseling --- Contextual family therapy --- Therapy, Contextual --- Treatment --- Health and hygiene

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Human behavior and decision making is subject to social and motivational influences such as emotions, norms and self/other regarding preferences. The identification of the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying these factors is a central issue in psychology, behavioral economics and social neuroscience, with important clinical, social, and even political implications. However, despite a continuously growing interest from the scientific community, the processes underlying these factors, as well as their ontogenetic and phylogenetic development, have so far remained elusive. In this Research Topic we collect articles that provide challenging insights and stimulate a fruitful controversy on the question of “what determines social behavior”. Indeed, over the last decades, research has shown that introducing a social context to otherwise abstract tasks has diverse effects on social behavior. On the one hand, it may induce individuals to act irrationally, for instance to refuse money, but on the other hand it improves individuals’ reasoning, in that formerly difficult abstract problems can be easily solved. These lines of research led to distinct (although not necessarily mutually exclusive) models for socially-driven behavioral changes. For instance, a popular theoretical framework interprets human behavior as a result of a conflict between cognition and emotion, with the cognitive system promoting self-interested choices, and the emotional system (triggered by the social context) operating against them. Other theories favor social norms and deontic heuristics in biasing human reasoning and encouraging choices that are sometimes in conflict with one’s interest. Few studies attempted to disentangle between these (as well as other) models. As a consequence, although insightful results arise from specific domains/tasks, a comprehensive theoretical framework is still missing. Furthermore, studies employing neuroimaging techniques have begun to shed some light on the neural substrates involved in social behavior, implicating consistently (although not exclusively) portions of the limbic system, the insular and the prefrontal cortex. In this context, a challenge for present research lies not only in further mapping the brain structures implicated in social behavior, or in describing in detail the functional interaction between these structures, but in showing how the implicated networks relate to different theoretical models. This is Research Topic hosted by members of the Swiss National Center of Competence in Research “Affective Sciences – Emotions in Individual Behaviour and Social Processes”. We collected contributions from the international community which extended the current knowledge about the psychological and neural structures underlying social behavior and decision making. In particular, we encouraged submissions from investigators arising from different domains (psychology, behavioral economics, affective sciences, etc.) implementing different techniques (behavior, electrophysiology, neuroimaging, brain stimulations) on different populations (neurotypical adults, children, brain damaged or psychiatric patients, etc.). Animal studies are also included, as the data reported are of high comparative value. Finally, we also welcomed submissions of meta-analytical articles, mini-reviews and perspective papers which offer provocative and insightful interpretations of the recent literature in the field.

Decision Making --- Medial prefrontal cortex --- autism spectrum disorders(ASD) --- Social Behavior --- Contextual appraisal --- oxytocin receptor gene --- ultimatum game --- Emotions

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theology and Asian Christianity --- contextual theology --- religious studies --- philosophy of divinity --- Theology --- Theology. --- Christian theology --- Theology, Christian --- Christianity --- Religion --- theology and asian christianity

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Most decisions in life are based on incomplete information and have uncertain consequences. To successfully cope with real-life situations, the nervous system has to estimate, represent and eventually resolve uncertainty at various levels. A common tradeoff in such decisions involves those between the magnitude of the expected rewards and the uncertainty of obtaining the rewards. For instance, a decision maker may choose to forgo the high expected rewards of investing in the stock market and settle instead for the lower expected reward and much less uncertainty of a savings account. Little is known about how different forms of uncertainty, such as risk or ambiguity, are processed and learned about and how they are integrated with expected rewards and individual preferences throughout the decision making process. With this Research Topic we aim to provide a deeper and more detailed understanding of the processes behind decision making under uncertainty.

Neurosciences. --- Biological psychiatry. --- Neuropsychiatry. --- Biopsychiatry --- Psychiatry --- Psychobiology --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Behavioral neurology --- Biological psychiatry --- Neurology --- Decision Making --- Contextual influences --- situational influences --- neuroeconomics --- risk --- decision neuroscience --- uncertainty --- individual differences