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L'ancienne Afrique Équatoriale Française (AEF), que recouvrent actuellement les territoires du Gabon, du Congo-Brazzaville et de la République Centrafricaine, est passée en trente ans d'un état de type traditionnel à une situation d'économie coloniale. Son évolution économique et sociale ne s'est pas faite sans heurt ni difficulté. Les quarante décrets de concession de 1899-1900 devaient permettre l'établissement des compagnies à monopole d'exploitation des « produits riches » (ivoire et caoutchouc) destinées, en principe, à assumer en trente ans les investissements dont l'État refusait la charge. Mais le refus durable des capitaux nécessaires, aussi bien de la part de l'État que du secteur privé, dans un pays apparemment dépourvu de ressources appréciables et tragiquement dénué de force de travail, condamnait l'entreprise à la faillite. [...] Cependant l'AEF sortit lentement de la stagnation après la guerre, à mesure que l'économie concurrentielle prenait le pas sur le monopole concessionnaire. [...] Outre l'essor de l'okoumé au Gabon, on vit émerger les grandes firmes à venir, se constituer les premières plantations, entrer en exploitation les richesses minières, enfin se mettre en place les principaux travaux d'infrastructure (routes et voies ferrées). Mais ce « décollage » fut payé chèrement. Les salaires ne suivirent ni la hausse de l'impôt, ni l'inflation des prix à l'importation. Le fragile équilibre vivrier traditionnellement établi entre l'homme et la nature fut rompu ; d'où des famines redoutables, et les révoltes les plus sérieuses qu'aient connues le territoire (1928-1932). Le bilan fut d'aggraver encore, pour un temps, un dépeuplement nocif au développement ultérieur du pays.

Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Congo (Brazzaville) --- Economic conditions. --- République populaire du Congo --- Kongo (Brazzaville) --- République du Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) --- Congo (People's Republic) --- Ludowa Republika Konga --- Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo --- R.P.C. (République populaire du Congo) --- RPC --- People's Republic of the Congo --- Congo Republic (Brazzaville) --- Repubilika ya Kôngo --- Republíki ya Kongó --- West Congo --- ROC (Republic of Congo) --- Middle Congo --- Gabon --- Afrique équatoriale française (AEF) --- compagnies concessionnaires --- Empire colonial français --- Congo

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Congo's vital dependence on trade for development stands in contradiction with its trade policy. As a member of the CEMAC, Congo's tariff scheme at least formally is guided by CEMAC's 1994 trade regime agreement. This paper shows CEMAC's customs code is restrictive relative to that of comparable regional integration groups. The paper also discusses a number of quantitative and qualitative barriers to trade applied by Congo that render its current regime complex, nontransparent, and relatively unpredictable, compromising efforts to develop the non-oil sector and the country's export base. Moreover, Congo's high tariffs and other taxes have not led to higher fiscal revenues, as the number of exemptions granted in recent years has surged and customs administration remains weak.

Congo (Brazzaville) --- Congo (People's Republic) --- Congo Republic (Brazzaville) --- Kongo (Brazzaville) --- Ludowa Republika Konga --- Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo --- People's Republic of the Congo --- R.P.C. (République populaire du Congo) --- Repubilika ya Kôngo --- Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republíki ya Kongó --- République du Congo (Brazzaville) --- République populaire du Congo --- ROC (Republic of Congo) --- RPC --- West Congo --- Middle Congo --- Economic policy. --- Commerce. --- Exports and Imports --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Trade: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Tariffs --- Trade policy --- Imports --- Exports --- Valuation, origin and classification --- Tariff --- Commercial policy --- Customs appraisal --- Congo, Democratic Republic of the

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The government of the Republic of Congo launched a program aimed at consolidating peace and promoting economic and social development. The objectives included improvement of governance and consolidation of peace and security, promotion of growth and macroeconomic stability, improvement of public access to basic social services, improvement of the social environment, integration of disadvantaged groups, and combating HIV/AIDS. The review shows that much remains to be accomplished, and building on the significant gains of recent years, the decision to expand and strengthen the strategic poverty reduction framework was made.

Poverty --- Congo (Brazzaville) --- Economic conditions. --- Destitution --- République populaire du Congo --- Kongo (Brazzaville) --- République du Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) --- Congo (People's Republic) --- Ludowa Republika Konga --- Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo --- R.P.C. (République populaire du Congo) --- RPC --- People's Republic of the Congo --- Congo Republic (Brazzaville) --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Middle Congo --- Repubilika ya Kôngo --- Republíki ya Kongó --- West Congo --- ROC (Republic of Congo) --- Infrastructure --- Macroeconomics --- Demography --- Education: General --- Health: General --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Demographic Economics: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Education --- Health economics --- Population & demography --- Labour --- income economics --- Health --- Population and demographics --- Labor --- National accounts --- Saving and investment --- Population --- Labor economics --- Congo, Democratic Republic of the

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This paper reviews the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative of the Republic of Congo. Emerging from a conflict situation, and starting from a low base, Congo has made significant progress in implementing financial and structural reforms, but large challenges remain. The overall improving political and security conditions allowed the authorities to make good progress toward restoring macroeconomic and financial stability. Debt relief under the enhanced HIPC Initiative would reduce Congo’s external debt by nearly one-half.

Debt relief --- Poverty --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Debt renegotiation --- Debt rescheduling --- Debt restructuring --- Relief, Debt --- Renegotiation, Debt --- Rescheduling, Debt --- Restructuring, Debt --- Debtor and creditor --- Law and legislation --- Congo (Brazzaville) --- Congo (People's Republic) --- Congo Republic (Brazzaville) --- Kongo (Brazzaville) --- Ludowa Republika Konga --- Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo --- People's Republic of the Congo --- R.P.C. (République populaire du Congo) --- Repubilika ya Kôngo --- Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republíki ya Kongó --- République du Congo (Brazzaville) --- République populaire du Congo --- ROC (Republic of Congo) --- RPC --- West Congo --- Middle Congo --- Economic conditions --- Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- International economics --- Finance --- Debt service --- External debt --- Arrears --- Debt service ratios --- Asset and liability management --- Debts, External --- Congo, Democratic Republic of the

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What's in a name? As Osumaka Likaka argues in this illuminating study, the names that Congolese villagers gave to European colonizers reveal much about how Africans experienced and reacted to colonialism. The arrival of explorers, missionaries, administrators, and company agents allowed Africans to observe Westerners' physical appearances, behavior, and cultural practices at close range--often resulting in subtle yet trenchant critiques. By naming Europeans, Africans turned a universal practice into a local mnemonic system, recording and preserving the village's understanding of colonialism in the form of pithy verbal expressions that were easy to remember and transmit across localities, regions, and generations.

Kongo language --- Nicknames --- Kongo (Langue) --- Sobriquets --- Epithets. --- History. --- Epithètes --- Histoire --- Congo (Brazzaville) --- Congo (Democratic Republic) --- Congo --- Congo (République démocratique) --- Colonization. --- Colonisation --- History & Archaeology --- Regions & Countries - Africa --- Epithets --- History --- Congo (Kinshasa) --- 967.5.03 --- 967.5.03 Geschiedenis van Zaïre (Kongo): Koloniale periode; Belgisch Kongo--(1884-1960) --- Geschiedenis van Zaïre (Kongo): Koloniale periode; Belgisch Kongo--(1884-1960) --- Congo belge --- --Congo Brazzaville --- --Épithète --- --Surnom --- --Histoire --- --Mémoire collective --- --Epithets --- Colonization --- Epithètes --- Congo (République démocratique) --- Soubriquets --- Congo language --- Fiote language --- Kikongo language --- Congo (Leopoldville) --- République du Congo (Leopoldville) --- Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville) --- Republic of Congo (Leopoldville) --- République démocratique du Congo --- Democratic Republic of the Congo --- Demokraticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo --- Kongo --- RDC (République démocratique du Congo) --- DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo) --- DRK (Demokraticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo) --- Democratic Republic of Congo --- DR Congo --- RD Congo --- République populaire du Congo --- Kongo (Brazzaville) --- République du Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) --- Congo (People's Republic) --- Ludowa Republika Konga --- Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo --- R.P.C. (République populaire du Congo) --- RPC --- People's Republic of the Congo --- Congo Republic (Brazzaville) --- Names, Personal --- Bantu languages --- Belgian Congo --- Zaire --- Middle Congo --- Repubilika ya Kôngo --- Republíki ya Kongó --- West Congo --- ROC (Republic of Congo) --- Congo DR --- R.D. Congo --- History of Africa --- History of Congo --- anno 1800-1999 --- Congo-Brazzaville --- Kongo language - Epithets --- Nicknames - Congo (Brazzaville) - History --- Nicknames - Congo (Kinshasa) - History --- Épithète --- Surnom --- Mémoire collective --- Congo Brazzaville --- Congo (Brazzaville) - Colonization --- Congo (Kinshasa) - Colonization