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European Trade Union Confederation

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Czechoslovak-Polish Confederation (Proposed)

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The Education of youth is, in all governments, an object of the first consequence. The impressions received in early life, usually form the characters of individuals; a union of which forms the general character of a nation. The mode of Education and the arts taught to youth, have, in every nation, been adapted to its particular stage of society or local circumstances. In the martial ages of Greece, the principal study of its Legislators was, to acquaint the young men with the use of arms, to inspire them with an undaunted courage, and to form in the hearts of both sexes, an invincible attachment to their country. Such was the effect of their regulations for these purposes, that the very women of Sparta and Athens, would reproach their own sons, for surviving their companions who fell in the field of battle. Among the warlike Scythians, every male was not only taught to use arms for attack and defence; but was obliged to sleep in the field, to carry heavy burthens, and to climb rocks and precipices, in order to habituate himself to hardships, fatigue and danger. In Persia, during the flourishing reign of the great Cyrus, the Education of youth, according to Xenophon, formed a principal branch of the regulations of the empire. The young men were divided into classes, each of which had some particular duties to perform, for which they were qualified by previous instructions and exercise. While nations are in a barbarous state, they have few wants, and consequently few arts. Their principal objects are, defence and subsistence; the Education of a savage therefore extends little farther, than to enable him to use, with dexterity, a bow and a tomahawk. But in the progress of manners and of arts, war ceases to be the employment of whole nations; it becomes the business of a few, who are paid for defending their country. Artificial wants multiply the number of occupations; and these require a great diversity in the mode of Education. Every youth must be instructed in the business by which he is to procure subsistence. Even the civilities of behavior, in polished society, become a science; a bow and a curtesy are taught with as much care and precision, as the elements of Mathematics. Education proceeds therefore, by gradual advances, from simplicity to corruption. Its first object, among rude nations, is safety; its next, utility; it afterwards extends to convenience; and among the opulent part of civilized nations, it is directed principally to show and amusement.

United States --- History --- Confederation --- 1783-1789 --- Sources

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Labor unions --- Syndicats --- European Trade Union Confederation

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Propices aux polémiques et à la caricature, les années 1950 sont au nombre des périodes encore mal connues de l’histoire de la CGT. Le Centre d’histoire sociale du XXe siècle et l’Institut CGT d’histoire sociale ont uni leurs compétences afin de mieux comprendre ce que fut la Confédération en ces temps difficiles. Tel était l’objet du colloque tenu en novembre 2003 dont rend compte le présent ouvrage. Durant la guerre froide, le poids du parti communiste a très fortement pesé sur la vie de la Confédération. Aussi importait-il de s’interroger sur les conséquences, directes ou non, de cette relation sur l’attitude cégétiste, qu’il s’agisse de son opposition aux gouvernements ou au patronat, de la lutte pour la paix et contre les guerres coloniales. Les auteurs s’intéressent au fonctionnement de la CGT, son « gouvernement », ses cadres et ses militants. Ils mettent en lumière les pratiques consécutives à l’engagement de la CGT dans la gestion des comités d’entreprise et de la Sécurité sociale. L’ouvrage traite encore des débats qui l’ont traversée : paupérisation, planification, stratégie syndicale internationale, relations avec les autres confédérations françaises, etc. Au fil d’études spécifiques menées à différentes échelles – locales, départementales, professionnelles –, les travaux soulignent la grande diversité des comportements cégétistes. Ils font enfin une large place aux militants et, plus précisément, aux militantes dont le rôle grandit durant la décennie. Loin de toute vision unilatérale ou réductrice, le présent ouvrage restitue pour la première fois l’histoire de la principale organisation syndicale française saisie au début des Trente Glorieuses.

History --- Social Issues --- Confédération générale du travail (France) --- syndicat --- France