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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Pharmacology --- big data --- database --- real-world study --- pharmacogenomics --- cohort

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The benefit of cohort studies and registers in patient-oriented collaborative research depends largely on the quality of the data recorded there. Supply and quality research depend on scientifically proven methods and procedures to ensure high data quality. This guideline contains corresponding recommendations for the management of data quality in registers, cohort studies and data repositories. In the second edition, a significantly expanded set of indicators is provided and the use of the indicators is described as an example for different types of empirical research projects. The guideline is rounded off by a current literature review and analysis. It is therefore an important part of the range of measures to improve and ensure data quality in medical research.

Medicine --- Research --- Methodology. --- Health Workforce --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- data repository --- source data verification --- cohort study --- quality indicators

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Les spécialistes des sciences sociales se penchent régulièrement sur leur discipline pour en scruter les tendances passées, présentes et futures, et s'interroger sur ses finalités. C'est d'autant plus nécessaire que la démographie a changé fortement de visage par rapport à ses origines. Au départ, elle était surtout une science descriptive et quantitative vouée à mesurer l'état des populations et leur mouvement. Depuis lors, la démographie a vu son champ d'analyse s'ouvrir considérablement, notamment avec l'introduction de préoccupations explicatives, peu présentes auparavant, et face à la concurrence des disciplines voisines (économie, sociologie, biologie...) qui étudient souvent les mêmes phénomènes sous des angles différents. La Chaire Quetelet 2002 s'est consacrée à cette mission. Son titre "Entre nature et culture : quelle(s) démographie(s) ?" fait allusion à la double obédience de la discipline, à la fois à l'égard des sciences sociales et à l'égard des sciences naturelles. La spécificité de cette rencontre a surtout été de demander à quelques grandes institutions étrangères de témoigner de leurs expériences et de leurs pratiques par rapport au thème retenu. Quatre centres internationaux ont répondu : le Département de démographie de l'Université de Montréal, l'INED français, le NIDI hollandais et le Département des sciences démographiques de l'université romaine "La Sapienza". Ce sont leurs contributions respectives qui sont reproduites dans cet ouvrage.

Cohort analysis --- Population --- Demography --- Analyse par cohorte --- Démographie --- Congresses --- Statistical methods --- Congrès --- Méthodes statistiques --- Human ecology --- Social ecology --- Démographie --- Congrès --- Méthodes statistiques

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Age groups --- Sparta (Extinct city) --- Sparte (Ville ancienne) --- Groups, Age --- Peer groups --- Social generations --- Social groups --- Cohort analysis --- Lacedaemon (Extinct city) --- Lakedaímon (Extinct city) --- Sparta (Ancient city) --- Greece --- Antiquities

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This paper looks at how individual preferences for the allocation of government spending change along the life cycle. Using the Life in Transition Survey II for 34 countries in Europe and Central Asia, the study finds that older individuals are less likely to support a rise in government outlays on education and more likely to support increases in spending on pensions. These results are very similar across countries, and they do not change when using alternative model specifications, estimation methods, and data sources. Using repeated cross-sections, the analysis controls for cohort effects and confirms the main results. The findings are consistent with a body of literature arguing that conflict across generations over the allocation of public expenditures may intensify in ageing economies.

Ageing --- Cohort Effects --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Population Policies --- Public Spending --- Science and Technology Development --- Scientific Research & Science Parks