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This book results from a Special Issue related to the latest progress in the thermodynamics of machines systems and processes since the premonitory work of Carnot. Carnot invented his famous cycle and generalized the efficiency concept for thermo-mechanical engines. Since that time, research progressed from the equilibrium approach to the irreversible situation that represents the general case. This book illustrates the present state-of-the-art advances after one or two centuries of consideration regarding applications and fundamental aspects. The research is moving fast in the direction of economic and environmental aspects. This will probably continue during the coming years. This book mainly highlights the recent focus on the maximum power of engines, as well as the corresponding first law efficiency upper bounds.

History of engineering & technology --- thermodynamics --- optimization --- entropy analysis --- Carnot engine --- modelling with time durations --- steady-state modelling --- transient conditions --- converter irreversibility --- sequential optimization --- Finite physical Dimensions Optimal Thermodynamics --- global efficiency --- energy efficiency --- heat engine --- heat pump --- utilization --- Carnot efficiency --- comparison --- thermal system --- cycle analysis --- second law of thermodynamics --- Clausius Statement --- theorem of the equivalence of transformations --- linear irreversible thermodynamics --- maximum power output --- maximum ecological Function --- maximum efficient power function --- enzymatic reaction model --- ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) --- plate heat exchanger --- finite-time thermodynamics --- heat transfer entropy --- entropy production --- new efficiency limits --- two-stage LNG compressor --- energy losses --- exergy destruction --- exergy efficiency --- Stirling cycle --- refrigerator --- heat exchanger --- second law --- n/a