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The large production and widespread daily consumption of plastic materials which began in the last century, together with the often inadequate collection and recycling systems, have made plastics and, consequently, microplastics (MPs) ubiquitous pollutants. Microplastic pollution as a global concern is confirmed by the research papers collected in this Special Issue; these papers come from 28 Universities and research institutions and are spread across ten countries on three continents. This Special Issue collected and published 11 novel contributions focusing on microplastics in aquatic environments, their occurrence and distribution, and the effects they might have on the environment and biota. As Guest Editors of this Special Issue, we were pleased to receive several papers concerning the interaction between microplastics and biota; despite a large number of peer-reviewed papers published on this research topic, there are still several gaps that need to be filled and there is concrete evidence suggesting that microplastic pollution may constitute a serious hazard to aquatic biota. The results of the contributions collected herein have helped to fill some knowledge gaps about the occurrence, distribution, and effects of microplastics on aquatic ecosystems. The outcomes clearly indicate that microplastic pollution is a serious environmental issue; the scientific community should increase its knowledge and understanding of how it could affect the environment, biota, and humans, and how it could be reduced and prevented.

Medicine --- Medical toxicology --- source --- fate --- bacterial degradation --- marine environment --- microplastics --- microplastic pollutant --- polystyrene --- biodegradation --- microalgae --- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances --- Muskegon Lake --- plastics --- riverine --- coastal --- estuary --- characteristics --- pollution --- population growth rate --- polyamide --- silica beads --- fitness response --- rotifers --- Brachionus fernandoi --- Brachionus calyciflorus --- egg ratio --- polystyrene microplastics --- size-dependent uptake --- vectors --- cadmium --- benzo(a)pyrene --- mussels --- invasive macroalgae --- bivalves --- marine debris --- oxidative stress --- energy balance --- byssus production --- microplastic --- grass carp --- size --- accumulation --- re-consumption --- shape --- colour --- polymer type --- blackfly larvae --- freshwaters --- Simuliidae --- additives --- plasticizers --- fibers --- cellulose --- Mediterranean Sea --- chemical characterization --- environmental pollution --- biota contamination --- n/a

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Biomarkers of environmental toxicants are measures of exposures, some of which can serve to assess disease risk and inter-individual susceptibilities. Metabolites, protein and DNA adducts also serve to elucidate the mechanisms of the bioactivation and detoxication of reactive toxicant intermediates. Some environmental chemicals act as modulators of gene and protein activity, and induce the dysbiosis of the microbiome, which impacts the metabolome and overall health. In this Special Issue on “Biomarkers of Environmental Toxicants”, review articles and original research studies are featured, covering the latest bioanalytical, biochemical and mass spectrometry-based technologies, to monitor exposures through targeted and non-targeted methods, and mechanistic studies that examine the biological effects of environmental toxicants in cells and humans. Diverse topics, such as exposome, microbiome, DNA/protein adducts and t-RNA modifications, as well as important environment toxicants, including heavy metals, benzene, phthalates, aldehydes, glycidol, tobacco smoke and aristolochic acids, are covered. Novel analytical methods, such as protein adductomics, DNA adduct analysis in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, site-specific mutagenesis assay and accelerator mass spectrometry, are also included. This collection provides a valuable update of the most recent biochemical and analytical tools that employ biomarkers in toxicology research, biomarker discovery, and exposure and risk assessment in population-based studies.

Medicine --- manganese --- lead --- cadmium --- arsenic --- hair --- children --- environment --- carcinogen --- DNA adducts --- biomonitoring --- formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues --- biomarker --- mass spectrometry --- human biomonitoring --- urine --- non-occupational exposure --- S-phenyl-mercapturic acid --- HPLC-MS/MS --- glycidol --- Hb adduct --- N-(2.3-dihydroxypropyl)valine --- in vivo --- cancer risk --- UPLC/MS/MS --- aristolochic acids --- food contamination --- environmental pollution --- root uptake --- aristolochic acid nephropathy --- Balkan endemic nephropathy --- chronic kidney disease --- tobacco smoke --- human carcinogen --- biomarkers --- epitranscriptomics --- tRNA modifications --- stress response mechanisms --- codon-biased translation --- phthalate --- DEHP --- human exposure --- toxicity --- reproductive --- accelerator mass spectrometry --- cavity ring down spectrophotometry --- radiocarbon --- naphthalene --- benzo[a]pyrene --- cell turnover --- triclocarban --- metastasis --- haemoglobin --- albumin --- protein adducts --- aldehydes --- genotoxicity --- cancer --- diseases --- oxidative stress --- exposure biomarkers --- high-resolution mass spectrometry --- data-dependent profiling --- derivatization --- biological fluids --- isotope labeling --- DNA lesion --- DNA damage --- shuttle vector technique --- replication block --- mutagenicity --- mutational spectrum --- mutational signature --- DNA repair --- DNA adduct bypass --- site-specific mutagenesis --- chemical exposome --- environmental monitoring --- disease --- bioinformatics --- gut microbiome --- chemical toxicity --- n/a

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Ambient air quality in the present-day Czech Republic (CR), one of the two succession countries of Czechoslovakia post-1993, was perceived as a major problem with severe human health and environmental consequences, particularly between the 1970s and 1990s. Since that time, the ambient air quality in the CR has improved substantially, due to newly introduced stringent legislation and technical countermeasures. Nevertheless, there are still activities which represent significant emission sources, such as local heating and increased vehicle travel through communities. After a substantial decrease in emissions in both the CR and its neighbouring countries, the levels of some ambient air pollutants from the 2000s are still not satisfactory. In this respect, aerosol, ground-level ozone, and benzo[a]pyrene remain major problems, as they do elsewhere in Europe. The book provides a valuable update both on time trends and spatial changes in ambient air quality, and highlights the recent activities in both monitoring and modelling of principle ambient air pollutants in the CR.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- Pollution control --- air pollution --- air quality --- 1950–2018 --- Czechoslovakia --- emissions --- aerosol --- ground-level ozone --- atmospheric deposition --- health outcomes --- environmental issues --- particles --- traffic --- dispersion --- PM10 --- pollution --- F-gases --- greenhouse gases --- global warming potential --- substitutes for ozone depleting substances --- Czech Republic --- microsensors --- particle counter --- gas analyzers --- relative humidity --- mixing layer height --- ceilometer --- suspended particulate matter --- Czech-Polish border --- urban parks --- particulate matter --- nitrogen oxides --- ozone --- PM pollution --- seasonality --- meteorological conditions --- source apportionment --- PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) --- PM2.5 --- long-term trends --- background scale --- locomotives --- non-road engines --- rail --- diesel-electric --- real-world emissions --- portable on-board emissions monitoring systems --- NOx --- real driving emissions --- urban canopy --- weather prediction --- validation --- PM1 aerosol --- elements --- water-soluble ions --- factor analysis --- benzo(a)pyrene --- ambient air concentrations --- spatial-temporal --- population exposure --- transboundary transport --- meteorological factors --- monitoring stations --- Passing–Bablok test --- regression analysis --- statistical modeling --- analysis of variance --- tower --- high-volume sampler --- wind-direction-dependent sampling --- neutron activation analysis --- elemental composition --- cross-border pollution transport --- AIR BORDER --- Czech-Polish borderlands --- Interreg --- NO2 --- passive sampler --- Dieselgate --- Prague --- traffic volume --- citizen science --- public policy --- health effects --- n/a --- 1950-2018 --- Passing-Bablok test --- Research. --- Environmental economics. --- Pollution prevention.