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Prostaglandins --- Leukotrienes --- Essential fatty acids --- Essential fatty acids. --- Leukotrienes. --- Prostaglandins. --- Arachidonic Acids. --- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated. --- Medicine. --- Prostanoids --- Medical Specialities --- Medical Specialties --- Medical Specialty --- Specialities, Medical --- Specialties, Medical --- Specialty, Medical --- Medical Speciality --- Speciality, Medical --- Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids --- Fatty Acids, Polyunsaturated --- Acids, Polyunsaturated Fatty --- Acids, Unsaturated Fatty --- Unsaturated Fatty Acids --- Eicosatetraenoic Acids --- Acids, Arachidonic --- Acids, Eicosatetraenoic --- Arachidonic Acid --- Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis --- SRS-A --- Fatty acids, Essential --- Vitamin F --- analogs & derivatives --- Inflammation --- Eicosanoids --- Unsaturated fatty acids --- Mediators --- Medische chemie. --- Prostaglandinen. --- Leukotriënen. --- Health Workforce --- Medicine --- Arachidonic Acids --- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated --- Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid --- Unsaturated Fatty Acid --- Acid, Polyunsaturated Fatty --- Acid, Unsaturated Fatty --- Fatty Acid, Polyunsaturated --- Fatty Acid, Unsaturated --- Prostaglandin --- Prostanoid

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Oral health is general health. If the oral cavity is kept healthy, the whole body is always healthy. Bacteria in the oral cavity do not stay in the oral cavity, but rather they travel throughout the body and can induce various diseases. Periodontal pathogens are involved in tooth loss. The number of remaining teeth decreases with age. People with more residual teeth can bite food well and live longer with lower incidence of dementia. There are many viruses in the oral cavity that also cause various diseases. Bacteria and viruses induce and aggravate inflammation, and therefore should be removed from the oral cavity. In the natural world, there are are many as yet undiscovered antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory substances. These natural substances, as well as chemically modified derivatives, help our oral health and lead us to more fulfilling, high quality lives. This Special Issue, entitled "Biological Efficacy of Natural and Chemically Modified Products against Oral Inflammatory Lesions", was written by specialists from a diverse variety of fields. It serves to provide readers with up-to-date information on incidence rates in each age group, etiology and treatment of stomatitis, and to investigate the application of such treatments as oral care and cosmetic materials.

gargle --- oral lichen planus --- angiotensin II blocker --- quantitative structure-activity relationship --- metabolomics --- CCN2 --- anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) --- oral cell --- arachidonic acid cascade --- Kampo medicine --- lignin-carbohydrate complex --- traditional medicine --- eugenol --- QSAR analysis --- constituent plant extract --- polyphenol --- benzaldehyde --- glucosyltransferase --- infective endocarditis --- antiviral --- periodontitis --- nutritionally variant streptococci --- Kampo --- quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis --- traditional Japanese herbal medicine --- technical terms --- allergic rhinitis --- nasal epithelial cell --- antimicrobial susceptibilities --- alkaline extract --- mastic --- stomatitis --- thioredoxin --- production --- oral microbiota --- Jixueteng --- oral inflammation --- random forest --- mice --- chromone --- natural products --- Chinese herbal remedies --- inflammation --- quercetin --- in vivo --- kampo formula --- glucocorticoids --- Hangeshashinto --- recurrent aphthous stomatitis --- anti-osteoclast activity --- cytotoxicity --- dental application --- tongue diagnosis --- natural product --- alkaloids --- inflammatory disease --- pathogenic factors --- increase --- machine learning --- human virus --- cepharanthin --- mucositis --- oral diseases --- Juzentaihoto --- in vitro --- herbal medicine --- tumour-specificity

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Women and men have probably never been concerned as much by their health as during this COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, lifestyle habits continue to be promoted as allies for daily prevention against diseases. This is valid also for metabolic diseases, among which many affect the liver and are risk factors for aggravating the disease course of COVID-19. In fact, liver diseases are currently a major global health problem. There is a huge range of liver diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic hepatic condition, which in some patients progresses to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Currently, substantial efforts are being made to better understand NAFLD, especially, because there is no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacological therapy. To explore this disease, metabolomics is the most recently developed omics technology after genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. Metabolomics is the large-scale analysis of molecules, known as metabolites that are intermediate or end products of metabolism found within cells, tissues, and biofluids. This technology has a very high potential to identify biomarker candidates for the future development of new therapeutics. The book features articles that address metabolomics technology and its use to document different liver functions and dysfunctions, with a major focus on NAFLD.

Medicine --- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease --- nonalcoholic steatohepatitis --- Fibrosis --- Liver biopsy --- Genomics --- Metabolomics --- Proteomics --- Transcriptomics --- nicotinamide --- NAFLD --- steatosis --- heat stress --- primary mouse hepatocytes --- metabolic profile --- GC-MS --- multivariate statistical analysis --- arachidonic acid --- docosahexaenoic acid --- inflammation --- fibrosis --- lipidomics --- mass spectrometry --- in vitro --- HepaRG --- sodium saccharin --- reference toxicants --- de novo lipogenesis --- carbohydrate response element-binding protein --- ChREBP --- diabetes --- glucose production --- glycogen --- glycolysis --- glycogen storage disease type I --- hexosamine --- pentose phosphate pathway --- acupuncture --- imflammation --- lipid metabolism --- oxidative stress --- metabolomics quantitative profiling --- 1H-NMR spectroscopy --- liver --- bile acids --- metabolomics --- rat plasma --- tandem mass spectrometry --- liquid chromatography --- acetaminophen --- hepatotoxicity --- biomarker --- premalignant --- alcoholic liver disease --- cholestasis --- cirrhosis --- NAFL --- NASH --- standard operating procedures --- urine --- blood --- feces --- tissue --- cells --- liver function --- nonalcoholic fatty liver --- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry --- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- metabolic pathway --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease --- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis --- transcription factors --- metabolic stress --- lipid homeostasis --- glucose homeostasis

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Human milk is uniquely tailored to meet infants’ specific nutritional requirements. However, it is more than just “milk”. This dynamic and bioactive fluid allows mother–infant signalling over lactation, guiding the infant in the developmental and physiological processes. It exerts protection and life-long biological effects, playing a crucial role in promoting healthy growth and optimal cognitive development. The latest scientific advances have provided insight into different components of human milk and their dynamic changes over time. However, the complexity of human milk composition and the synergistic mechanisms responsible for its beneficial health effects have not yet been unravelled. Filling this knowledge gap will shed light on the biology of the developing infant and will contribute to the optimization of infant feeding, particularly that of the most vulnerable infants. Greater understanding of human milk will also help in elucidating the best strategies for its storage and handling. The increasing knowledge on human milk’s bioactive compounds together with the rapidly-advancing technological achievements will greatly enhance their use as prophylactic or therapeutic agents. The current Special Issue aims to welcome original works and literature reviews further exploring the complexity of human milk composition, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects associated with breastfeeding, and the factors and determinants involved in lactation, including its promotion and support.

high pressure processing --- n/a --- lipids --- supplementation --- protective factors --- infant --- carbohydrate --- mothers --- antioxidant capacity --- protein --- fat --- cytokines --- bioactive factors --- late preterm --- zinc --- infants --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- pregnancy --- eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) --- Lipidomics --- magnesium --- omega-3 fatty acids --- vitamin D deficiency --- flow injection analysis --- human milk benefits --- multiple source method --- 3?-sialyllactose (3?SL) --- milk banking --- milk group --- pasteurization --- video instruction --- Milk Fat Globule Membrane --- bile salt stimulated lipase --- breastfeeding difficulties --- breastfeeding support --- prematurity --- carotenoids --- hormones --- phosphocholine --- amino acids --- targeted metabolomics --- high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) --- choline --- selenium --- ?-linolenic acid --- arachidonic acid (ARA) --- docosahexaenoic acid --- human milk fortification --- protease inhibitors --- celiac disease --- copper --- term --- adipokines --- iodine --- mammary gland --- nutritional status --- food frequency questionnaire --- neonate --- early breastfeeding cessation --- prospective study --- breastfeeding --- mothers’ own milk --- disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) --- country --- lactating women --- undernourishment --- proteases --- preterm --- expressing --- dietary assessment --- retinol --- body composition --- duration of lactation --- passive immunization --- 2?-fucosyllactose (2?FL) --- phosphorus --- clinical trial --- growth factors --- infant formula --- digestive tract --- human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) --- sodium --- nutrition --- eicosapentaenoic acid --- lipid metabolites --- lactation --- nervonic acid --- ?-tocopherol --- macronutrients --- glycoprotein --- term infant --- term infants --- maternal diet --- promotion of breastfeeding --- potassium --- antioxidants --- maternal immunoglobulins --- Human Milk --- human milk --- Phospholipids --- flu vaccine --- lactational stage --- lactose --- storage --- dietary intake --- Preterm infant --- immune-active proteins --- colostrum --- human milk fat --- inadequate intake --- milk therapy --- endogenous peptide --- calcium --- fatty acids --- breast milk --- pumping --- secretor --- LC-MS --- n-9 fatty acid --- Lewis --- donor human milk --- antenatal --- online --- iron --- growth --- donor milk --- mothers' own milk

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is still associated with high morbidity and mortality incidence rates, and also bears an elevated risk of subsequent chronic kidney disease. Although the kidney has a remarkable capacity for regeneration after injury and may recover completely depending on the type of renal lesions, the options for clinical intervention are restricted to fluid management and extracorporeal kidney support. The development of novel therapies to prevent AKI, to improve renal regeneration capacity after AKI, and to preserve renal function is urgently needed. The Special Issue covers research articles that investigated the molecular mechanisms of inflammation and injury during different renal pathologies, renal regeneration, diagnostics using new biomarkers, and the effects of different stimuli like medication or bacterial components on isolated renal cells or in vivo models. The Special Issue contains important reviews that consider the current knowledge of cell death and regeneration, inflammation, and the molecular mechanisms of kidney diseases. In addition, the potential of cell-based therapy approaches that use mesenchymal stromal/stem cells or their derivates is summarized. This edition is complemented by reviews that deal with the current data situation on other specific topics like diabetes and diabetic nephropathy or new therapeutic targets.

microRNAs --- n/a --- transcription --- ischemia/reperfusion injury --- DSS-colitis --- kidney inflammation --- therapeutics targets --- CXCL13 --- glomerulus --- interleukin-6 --- rhabdomyolysis --- IgA nephropathy --- CREB Regulated Transcriptional Coactivators (CRTC) --- slit diaphragm --- injury --- xanthine oxidase --- Salt Inducible Kinase (SIK) --- acute and chronic kidney disease --- therapeutic target --- KIT-IgA score --- G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) --- lysophosphatidic acid --- glomerular injury --- IL-18 --- mesenchymal stem cells --- Taiwan --- acute kidney injury --- renal ischemia-reperfusion --- long non-coding RNA --- fibrosis --- acute kidney failure --- diabetic kidney diseases --- chronic kidney disease --- lncRNA --- LPS-binding protein --- endotoxemia-induced oliguric kidney injury --- dapagliflozin --- cPLA2 and COX-2 --- NLRP3 inflammasome --- CmklR1 --- haem --- chronic kidney injury --- omega-3 fatty acid --- noninvasive --- inflammation --- regulated necrosis --- GLP-1 receptor agonists --- miRNA --- AKI --- SGLT2 inhibitors --- diabetic kidney disease --- extracellular vesicles --- podocin --- type IV collagen --- epithelial cells --- nephrin --- 2-kidney-1-clip --- renal fibrosis --- papilla --- diagnostics --- necrosis --- non-coding RNAs --- podocyte --- Thy1.1 nephritis --- KIT assay --- oxidative stress --- conditioned medium --- C-reactive protein --- pericyte --- myofibroblast --- Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-?B) --- endotoxemia --- modifier gene --- polymorphism --- renal stem cells --- kidney --- polyploidization --- Class IIa Histone Deacetylases (HDAC) --- 2k1c --- molecular signaling --- proximal tubule --- arachidonic acid --- empagliflozin --- tubular injury --- signaling cascade --- signal transduction --- inflammatory maker --- niches --- biomarkers --- renal progenitors --- type V collagen --- cyclooxygenase --- focal segmental glomerulosclerosis --- inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) --- chronic kidney disease (CKD) --- allograft rejection --- renovascular hypertension --- genotype --- molecular mechanisms --- ROS --- prediction --- glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) --- alport syndrome --- scattered tubular cells --- long non-coding RNAs --- renal inflammation --- lysophosphatidic acid receptor --- cAMP Regulatory Element Binding Protein (CREB) --- Farnesiferol B --- differentiation --- mesenchymal stromal cells --- modified-MSCs --- kidney transplantation --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- apoptosis --- type I collagen --- diabetes mellitus --- natural products --- lipoxygenase --- stem cell --- T cell-mediated rejection --- exosomes --- renal injury --- obese kidney fibrosis --- kidney injury --- cytotoxicity --- mesenchymal stem cell --- pigment nephropathy --- mesodermal stem cell --- ischemia-reperfusion --- cytochrome P450 --- renal cell carcinoma --- hematuria --- B-cell attracting chemokine --- microRNA --- chemerin --- glomerular basement membrane --- glomerular damage --- renal tubular cells --- kidney proximal tubule --- exosome --- hypertension --- diabetic nephropathy