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This brief is based on analysis of the 2011-12 household budget survey (HBS) implemented by Central Administration for Statistics (CAS) with technical assistance from the World Bank. The survey was conducted during the period of September 2011 to November 2012, and was stratified across nine regions. The sample was designed to cover 4,805 households, but due to high non-response, it only includes 2,476 participating households. Poverty numbers presented in this note are not comparable with poverty estimates for other years due to differences in the instruments, fieldwork implementation and to some extent sample design; and also due to differences in the methodology for constructing welfare aggregate and the poverty line. All regional estimates in this report should be viewed with caution given concerns about significant levels of nonresponse and relatively small sample sizes within regions. CAS and the World Bank are working together to improve the quality of future surveys.

Access to Health Services --- Drinking Water --- Employment --- Health --- Health Insurance --- Inequality --- Insurance --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Population --- Poverty --- Poverty Line --- Poverty Monitoring & analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Poverty Strategy, analysis and Monitoring --- Primary Education --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Public Sector --- Regional Differences --- Social Protection and Risk Management --- Social Protections and Labor

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This report is about women in Morocco who continue to face obstacles in social, economic, and political participation. These obstacles are a result of discriminatory legislative frameworks, social norms that restrict legal rights, and limited economic participation. Women's economic participation in Morocco was at 26 percent which is among the lowest in the world, and has not changed since 1990. The ultimate objective is to promote women's empowerment as a means to achieve a more inclusive, open, and prosperous society. This report is arranged as follows :(a) chapter one will present the progress thus far and the remaining important challenges for women in Morocco.; (b) chapters two and three focus on economic empowerment and employment outcomes and on the remaining legislative and or social discrimination that continue to restrict women agency in chapter four; and (c) chapter five will conclude by presenting some key areas of strategic intervention for the government and other development actors which are not only of greater potential impact but also a prerequisite for women's agency and empowerment. The main findings in the report are as follows: (i) unequal access to education and resources continue to hinder women's human development progress; (ii) gender segregation in terms of employment is pervasive, with women mostly working in low productivity sectors; (iii) demographic factors and social norms also affect women's decisions to join the labor force; (iv) only fifteen percent of women in urban areas are employed, against sixty two percent of men, and this gap has remained virtually unchanged in the past; (vi) there is a substantial wage gap between men and women, even when controlling for education and professions; and (vii) traditional explanations for Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP) long-term trends account only partially for Morocco's observed outcomes. Agency has a role, often a strong one, in contributing to women's human development and economic opportunities, and opening opportunities for greater participation in social and political life. Despite important reforms, gaps remain in the legal framework, negatively impacting economic, social, and political development for women. The main conclusions and recommendations are follows: (a) much has been done but much remains to be done to improve women's access to economic opportunities and individual empowerment; (b) women can actively contribute to Morocco's economic growth only if the remaining barriers that still prevent women from working in high productivity sectors are removed; (c) removing regulatory barriers and easing the access to credit for female entrepreneurs is key to creating more jobs; (d) further reforms of the Labor code could be designed taking into account specific obstacles to women's economic participation; (e) government action to level the playing field across the lifecycle would strengthen women's opportunities and ultimately socio-economic outcomes; (f) the Goverment of Morocco (GoM) has taken considerable steps in closing gender equality gaps in law, but action is needed to ensure consistency throughout legislative frameworks; and (g) mainstreaming gender into policy action is key to achieving gender equality and women empowerment.

Access to Education --- Access to Finance --- Access to Health Services --- Child Care --- Child Health --- Child Rearing --- Developing Countries --- Discrimination --- Divorce --- Domestic Violence --- Economic Management --- Economic Opportunities --- Employment Opportunities --- Family Responsibilities --- Fertility --- Fertility Rates --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Gender --- Gender Issues --- Gross Domestic Product --- Gross National Income --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Size --- Human Capital --- Infant Mortality --- Inheritance --- Knowledge --- Life Expectancy --- Living Standards --- Marriage --- Maternal Health --- Maternal Mortality --- Mortality --- Mortality Rate --- Nurses --- Population --- Population Policies --- Pregnancy --- Prenatal Care --- Primary Education --- Public Opinion --- Purchasing Power --- Purchasing Power Parity --- Reproductive Health --- Respect --- Rural Population --- School Attendance --- Secondary Education --- Sexual Harassment --- Social Change --- Social Dev/Gender/Inclusion --- Social Development --- Social Norms --- Stages of Life --- Tertiary Education --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Urban Population --- Violence Against Women --- Women

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El Salvador's development over the past decade has been dichotomous. On the one hand, economic growth has remained persistently low, employment and labor force participation have barely increased, and progress on poverty reduction has slowed. On the other hand, inequality has fallen, and shared prosperity improved together with advances in many social indicators, such as pre-primary enrollment rates, access to prenatal care, immunizations, and water and sanitation. The increase in the use of social spending, which now accounts for 12.4 percent of GDP, together with an improvement in the quality of social spending, explain at least part of this dichotomy of redistributive and social gains despite low growth, a tight fiscal situation and generally low government revenues and spending. Looking forward, the key challenges El Salvador faces are related to continuing improving the quality and efficiency in the social sectors, while maintaining the overall level of social spending within an increasingly constrained fiscal environment, where fiscal constraints, low revenues, and the need to cut the deficit by 3 percent of GDP are significant elements, as well. Priority will have to be given to reallocations and improvements within the spending envelope for the social sectors to maximize impact. This document analyzes social spending for El Salvador for the education, health and social protection and labor sectors in depth and explores a series of policy options for El Salvador to reallocate social spending for more effective impacts, to enhance and reform social policies and social service delivery, and to improve the management of public spending and budget execution in the social sectors.

Access to Health Services --- Adolescents --- Child Development --- Child Health --- Child Mortality --- Children --- Communicable Diseases --- Crime --- Decision Making --- Diabetes --- Disadvantaged Groups --- Discrimination --- Drugs --- Early Childhood --- Education --- Education For All --- Educational Institutions & Facilities --- Employment Opportunities --- Food Security --- Gross Domestic Product --- Health --- Health Outcomes --- Health Policy --- Health Policy and Management --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Household Surveys --- Human Capital --- Human Development --- Human Rights --- Immunizations --- Improving Labor Markets --- Infant Mortality --- International Comparisons --- Knowledge --- Maternal Mortality --- Measles --- Measurement --- Migration --- Mortality --- Mortality Rate --- Nutrition --- Other Human Development --- Population Density --- Pregnancy --- Prenatal Care --- Prevention --- Primary Education --- Public Expenditure, Financial Management and Procurement --- Public Health --- Public Hospitals --- Public Policy --- Public Sector Governance --- Purchasing Power --- Purchasing Power Parity --- Quality of Health Care --- Reproductive Health --- Rural Population --- Sanitation --- School Attendance --- Secondary Education --- Social Development --- Social Protection and Risk Management --- Social Protections & Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor --- Social Safety Nets --- Teacher Salaries --- Tertiary Education --- Trauma --- Unemployment --- Universal Primary Education --- Urban Areas --- User Fees --- Vaccines --- Violence --- Vulnerable Groups --- Weight --- Women --- Workers

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This volume describes the impact of headache disorders on public health, and their adverse consequences for society. It opens with an overview of relevant headache disorders before describing, qualitatively, how the burdens attributable to these disorders fall upon adults, adolescents and children. In the second section, beginning with a methodological introduction discussing the principles and potential pitfalls of epidemiological studies assessing prevalence, headache-attributed burden and functional impact, the burdens of headache including financial cost are examined quantitatively and in detail. The third section critically reviews society’s response, its inadequacies and the scope for improvement. Topics here include the political failure to recognize the public ill-health and cost that are the consequences of inadequate headache care; the role of the WHO in addressing the problem; headache service organization, delivery and quality; and the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions. The book closes by considering the way forward. This volume contains important messages for primary care and is likely to be of even greater interest to headache specialists and those concerned with public health and health policy.

Internal medicine. --- Neurology . --- Pain medicine. --- Health administration. --- Internal Medicine. --- Neurology. --- Pain Medicine. --- Health Administration. --- Medicine --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Medicine, Internal --- Diseases --- Headache. --- Head pain --- Head --- Pain --- Headache Disorders --- Headache --- Cost of Illness. --- Global Burden of Disease. --- Health Services Accessibility. --- epidemiology. --- Disease Global Burdens --- Cost of Disease --- Cost of Sickness --- Costs of Disease --- Disease Cost --- Economic Burden of Disease --- Sickness Cost --- Burden of Illness --- Disease Costs --- Cost, Disease --- Costs, Disease --- Costs, Sickness --- Illness Burden --- Illness Burdens --- Illness Cost --- Illness Costs --- Sickness Costs --- Accessibility, Health Services --- Contraceptive Availability --- Health Services Geographic Accessibility --- Program Accessibility --- Access to Health Care --- Accessibility of Health Services --- Availability of Health Services --- Accessibility, Program --- Availability, Contraceptive --- Health Services Availability --- Medically Underserved Area --- Global Disease Burden --- Disease Burden, Global --- Global Disease Burdens --- Burden Of Disease --- Disease Burden --- Burden Of Diseases --- Burden, Disease --- Disease Burdens --- Access To Medicines --- Access to Contraception --- Access to Health Services --- Access to Medications --- Access to Therapy --- Access to Treatment --- Contraception Access --- Contraceptive Access --- Medication Access --- Access To Medicine --- Access to Contraceptions --- Access to Medication --- Access to Therapies --- Access to Treatments --- Access, Contraception --- Access, Contraceptive --- Access, Medication --- Contraception, Access to --- Contraceptive Accesses --- Medication Accesses --- Medication, Access to --- Therapy, Access to --- Treatment, Access to --- Algiatry --- Cefalàlgia --- Mal de cap --- Cefalea --- Dolor --- Migranya

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General ecology and biosociology --- Human medicine --- Health services accessibility --- Socioeconomic factors --- Equality --- Services de santé --- Egalité (Sociologie) --- Periodicals --- Health aspects --- Accessibilité --- Périodiques --- Aspect sanitaire --- Health Services Accessibility. --- Socioeconomic Factors. --- Health services accessibility. --- Health aspects. --- Health & Medicine (General) --- Access to health care --- Accessibility of health services --- Availability of health services --- Medical care --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Inequalities --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequality --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Accessibility, Health Services --- Contraceptive Availability --- Health Services Geographic Accessibility --- Program Accessibility --- Access to Health Care --- Accessibility of Health Services --- Availability of Health Services --- Accessibility, Program --- Availability, Contraceptive --- Health Services Availability --- Egalitarianism --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Access --- public health --- health policy --- social determinants of health --- health equity --- Economics --- Medically Underserved Area --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Health & Medicine (General). --- Public Health - General --- Social Inequalities --- Social Inequality --- Inequalities, Social --- Inequality, Social --- Access To Medicines --- Access to Contraception --- Access to Health Services --- Access to Medications --- Access to Therapy --- Access to Treatment --- Contraception Access --- Contraceptive Access --- Medication Access --- Access To Medicine --- Access to Contraceptions --- Access to Medication --- Access to Therapies --- Access to Treatments --- Access, Contraception --- Access, Contraceptive --- Access, Medication --- Contraception, Access to --- Contraceptive Accesses --- Medication Accesses --- Medication, Access to --- Therapy, Access to --- Treatment, Access to --- Access To Care, Health --- Access to Care --- Access to Medicines --- Access to Cares --- Access to Medicine --- Care, Access to --- Cares, Access to --- Medicine, Access to --- Medicines, Access to --- Accessibilities, Health Services --- Economic and Social Factors --- Social and Economic Factors --- Socioeconomic Characteristics --- Characteristic, Socioeconomic --- Socioeconomic Characteristic --- Igualtat --- Serveis sanitaris --- Assistència sanitària