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What policies encourage firms to become formal? The standard approach emphasizes reducing the costs of compliance with government regulation. This is unlikely to be sufficient. Instead we need to understand compliance as a function not only of firm-level costs and benefits but also in terms of the interaction between the firm and its competitors and between the firm and the state. This paper emphasizes the coordination and credibility issues involved in promoting formalization and discusses possible institutional solutions, among them business associations that make the benefits of membership dependent on compliance, information sharing arrangements among government agencies and improvements in the quality of public management.

Access to Finance --- Business associations --- E-Business --- Economic activities --- Emerging Markets --- Entrepreneurs --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Government intervention --- Information sharing --- Microfinance --- Private enterprise --- Private Sector Development --- Public policy --- Small businesses --- Small enterprise --- Union

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Professions --- Professional associations --- Corporate state --- Associations professionnelles --- Corporatisme --- Trade associations --- -Trade and professional associations --- -Corporate state --- -Trade associations --- -321.65 <44> --- 334.782 <44> --- 321.65 --- P44 --- Business associations --- Industrial associations --- Trade and professional associations --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Corporations (Corporate state) --- Corporatism --- Corporative state --- Corporativism --- State, Corporate --- Political science --- Syndicalism --- Fascism --- Functional representation --- Career patterns --- Careers --- Jobs --- Professional services --- Occupations --- Interprofessional relations --- Vocational guidance --- standenstaat - corporatieve staat - totalitaire staat --- Frankrijk --- 321.65 <44> --- Professions - France --- Trade associations - France --- Corporate state - France

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The authors examine competitiveness partnerships, which consist of structured dialogue between the public and private sector to improve the investment climate. The paper is designed to be used as a resource by donors, governments, or businesspeople who are interested in establishing, maintaining, or improving a competitiveness partnership in their country or region. The political and economic context of a country determines the kind of partnership that is feasible and likely to succeed, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach. But it is possible to distill some ideas and techniques from best practice as many public-private dialogue mechanisms face similar challenges. Drawing on the experiences of 40 countries, the authors make a positive case for building and maintaining competitiveness partnerships, and offer a selection of valuable insights into how practitioners can design them so as to avoid common pitfalls. They demonstrate that reforms that are designed through public-private dialogue are better conceived and more effectively implemented because they arise from increased mutual understanding between government and the business community. The paper has three parts. Part One outlines what competitiveness partnerships can achieve. Part Two describes how competitiveness partnerships function, presenting issues to consider when designing such partnerships and a range of ways in which they may be approached. Part Three identifies challenges that competitiveness partnerships have frequently faced and strategies that have been used to overcome them.

Banks and Banking Reform --- Best Practice --- Business --- Business Associations --- Business Environment --- Business in Development --- Businesses --- Civil Society --- Communication --- Communication Strategy --- Communications --- Competitiveness --- Competitiveness and Competition Policy --- Corporate Law --- E-Business --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Governance --- Impact Assessment --- Institutions --- Law and Development --- Legislative Reform --- Licenses --- Marketing --- Material --- National Governance --- Network --- Parliamentary Government --- Private Sector --- Private Sector Development --- Procurement --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Development --- Social Development --- Technical Staff

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En este libro se estudian las tendencias históricas de las profesiones en México, en especial sus implicaciones para la política nacional. El análisis abarca principalmente la medicina, el derecho, la agronomía, la ingeniería petrolera y la economía. Esta selección se hizo deliberadamente para incluir aquellas profesiones que desempeñan un papel activo en el Estado. Uno de los objetivos del libro es determinar hasta qué punto la consolidación de estas profesiones les ha permitido influir en las políticas públicas. Otro objetivo es descubrir de qué manera la naturaleza del sistema político mexicano ha afectado la evolución del profesionalismo en México. Finalmente, un tercer objetivo es exponer ante el lector no especializado las características más sobresalientes de estas profesiones.

Higher education --- Mexico --- Professional employees --- Trade associations --- Physicians --- Agriculturists --- Petroleum engineers --- Economists --- Professional education --- Professions --- Labor unions --- Mexico. --- Political activity --- Government policy --- Engineers --- Agricultural scientists --- Agriculturalists --- Agronomists --- Life scientists --- Animal specialists --- Allopathic doctors --- Doctors --- Doctors of medicine --- MDs (Physicians) --- Medical doctors --- Medical profession --- Medical personnel --- Medicine --- Business associations --- Industrial associations --- Trade and professional associations --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Professional associations --- Professionals --- Employees --- Education, Professional --- Career education --- Education, Higher --- Technical education --- Social scientists --- Career patterns --- Careers --- Jobs --- Professional services --- Occupations --- Interprofessional relations --- Vocational guidance --- Higher & further education, tertiary education

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Commerce, Prehistoric --- Commerce --- Commerce préhistorique --- Congresses --- History --- Congrès --- Histoire --- Europe, Central --- Europe, Northern --- Europe centrale --- Europe septentrionale --- -Europe, Northern --- -Northern Europe --- Central Europe --- -History --- -Commerce --- Commerce préhistorique --- Congrès --- Northern Europe --- Congresses. --- Transport --- Associations --- Transportation --- Trade associations --- Trading companies --- Guilds --- Europe, Eastern --- Europe, Southern --- Europe de l'Est --- Europe méridionale --- Transport primitif --- Public transportation --- Transportation, Primitive --- Transportation companies --- Transportation industry --- Locomotion --- Communication and traffic --- Storage and moving trade --- History&delete& --- Economic aspects --- History. --- Trade --- Economics --- Business --- Export-import companies --- Foreign trade enterprises --- Import-export companies --- Business enterprises --- Foreign trade promotion --- Business associations --- Industrial associations --- Trade and professional associations --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Professional associations --- Craft guilds --- Gilds --- Labor organizations --- Merchant companies --- Workers' associations --- Artisans --- Employers' associations --- Labor unions --- Societies, etc. --- Byzantine Empire --- Europe --- Islamic countries --- Muslim countries --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Byzantium (Empire) --- Vizantii︠a︡ --- Bajo Imperio --- Bizancjum --- Byzantinē Autokratoria --- Vyzantinon Kratos --- Vyzantinē Autokratoria --- Impero bizantino --- Bizantia --- Traffic (Commerce) --- Merchants --- Europe, Central - Commerce - History --- Europe, Northern - Commerce - History --- Commerce - History - Medieval, 500-1500 --- Transportation - Europe - History - Congresses. --- Commerce - History - Medieval, 500-1500 - Congresses --- Trade associations - Europe - History - Congresses. --- Trading companies - Europe - History - Congresses. --- Commerce - History - To 500 - Congresses --- Guilds - Europe - History - Congresses.