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This work covers sequence-based protein homology detection, a fundamental and challenging bioinformatics problem with a variety of real-world applications. The text first surveys a few popular homology detection methods, such as Position-Specific Scoring Matrix (PSSM) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based methods, and then describes a novel Markov Random Fields (MRF) based method developed by the authors. MRF-based methods are much more sensitive than HMM- and PSSM-based methods for remote homolog detection and fold recognition, as MRFs can model long-range residue-residue interaction. The text also describes the installation, usage and result interpretation of programs implementing the MRF-based method.

Computer Science. --- Computational Biology/Bioinformatics. --- Probability and Statistics in Computer Science. --- Bioinformatics. --- Statistics for Life Sciences, Medicine, Health Sciences. --- Computer science. --- Statistics. --- Informatique --- Bio-informatique --- Statistique --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biology - General --- Proteins --- Homology theory. --- Markov random fields. --- Mathematical models. --- Structure --- Fields, Markov random --- Cohomology theory --- Contrahomology theory --- Proteids --- Mathematical statistics. --- Algebraic topology --- Random fields --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics --- Informatics --- Science --- Bio-informatics --- Biological informatics --- Information science --- Computational biology --- Systems biology --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Data processing --- Statistics . --- Statistical inference --- Statistics, Mathematical --- Statistics --- Probabilities --- Sampling (Statistics)

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Remote Sensing is of paramount importance for Earth Observation to monitor and analyze the Earth’s vital signs. In this Special Issue are reported the latest research results involving active optical remote sensing instruments, both from ground-based to satellite platforms, that are involved in analyzing the vertical and horizontal aerosol and cloud distribution, other than their geometrical, optical and microphysical properties. Those active optical remote sensing techniques are also very useful in determining pollutant dispersion and the dynamics inside the boundary layer. The published studies put in evidence the hidden mechanisms on how pollution from the source is advected transnationally in other countries and the interaction with local meteorology.

Research & information: general --- rainfall --- lidar --- disdrometer --- evaporation --- meteorology --- climate change --- latent heat --- precipitation --- MOD04 --- Dark-Target --- Deep-Blue --- AERONET --- LiDAR --- AOD --- Beijing --- China --- CALIPSO --- dust top height --- frequency of dust occurrence --- pure dust --- polluted dust --- extinction coefficient --- above-cloud aerosol --- low-level cloud --- cloud base height --- ground-based observations --- relative humidity profile --- threshold --- Yunnan–Kweichow Plateau --- low–latitude plateau monsoon climate --- aerosol type and source --- aerosol properties --- monsoon index --- seasonal variation --- aerosol --- aerosol–cloud interactions --- MPLNET --- image processing --- network --- infrastructure --- virga --- black carbon --- Tibetan plateau --- water vapor transport --- South Asian summer monsoon --- East Asian summer monsoon --- PM2.5 --- radar wind profiler --- wind shear --- dual-field-of-view (FOV) --- geometric overlap factor (GOF) --- blind zone --- transition zone --- mass concentration --- stereo-monitoring networks --- Doppler LiDAR --- spatial wind variability --- air quality --- turbulent mixing --- cloud --- Hong Kong --- aerosols --- remote sensing --- wind lidar --- air-pollution --- radiative effects --- ground based remote sensing --- aerosols optical properties --- lidar ratio --- aerosol type

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Since ancient times, plants have been used as a prime natural source of alternative medicines and have played an important role in our lives. The old tradition of medicinal plant application has turned into a highly profitable business in the global market, resulting in the release of a large number of herbal products. People have tried to find different sources of medicines to alleviate pain and cure different illnesses. Due to severe constraints of synthetic drugs and the increasing contraindications of their usage, there is a growing interest world over in the usage of natural products based on medicinal herbs, hence, there is an ever expanding market of herbs and herbal based medicinal preparations all over the world. This has culminated into an exponential increase in number of research groups in different geographical locations and generation of volume of research data in the field in a short span of time. The path breaking advancement in research methods and interdisciplinary approaches is giving birth to newer perspectives. Therefore, it becomes imperative to keep pace with the advancement in research and development in the field of medicinal herbs. There are a large number of researchers in different parts of the world working on various aspects of medicinal plants and ‘herbal medicines’. The idea is to bring their recent research work into light in the form of a book. The proposed book contains chapters by the eminent researchers in different countries and working with different disciplines of medicinal plants. Articles pertain to different disciplines such as: Resources and conservation of medicinal plants Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of medicinal plants Tissue culture, propagation and bioreactor technology of medicinal plants Phytochemical research on medicinal plants Herbal medicines and plant-derived agents in cancer prevention and therapy