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A comprehensive empirical investigation is carried out to ascertain the import-reducing effect of trade protection barriers. We first present a statistical summary of the status of global trade protection. Then, based on a monopolistic competition trade model and 1994 cross-country data on trade barriers, trade flows, and production, we estimate the import-reducing effect of trade barriers including both tariffs and non-tariff barriers (NTBs). We use the disaggregated cross-country, cross-industry data on manufactured goods and, unlike previous studies, our sample covers a broad range of countries-more than 70 in total-including countries from the most developed ones like those in the Group of Seven to the least developed one, Bangladesh. We specify an empirical model that captures the stylized facts well and helps generate sensible estimates. Our econometric framework is designed to control for the simultaneous determination of trade flows, trade barriers, and production. We find that both tariff and NTBs are quite significant in restricting imports.

Econometrics --- Exports and Imports --- Taxation --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Trade: General --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Estimation --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Trade barriers --- Imports --- Tariffs --- Trade balance --- Estimation techniques --- International trade --- Taxes --- Econometric analysis --- Commercial policy --- Tariff --- Balance of trade --- Econometric models --- United States

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Thereare richtheories and designs for generalcontrolsystems,but usually, they will not lead to PID controllers. Noting that the PID controller has been the most popular one in industry for over ?fty years, we will con?ne our discussion hereto PIDcontrolonly. PID controlhasbeenanimportantresearchtopicsince 1950’s, and causes remarkable activities for the last two decades. Most of the existing works have been on the single variable PID control and its theory and design are well established, understood and practically applied. However, most industrial processes are of multivariable nature. It is not rare that the overall multivariable PID control system could fail although each PID loop may work well. Thus,demandforaddressingmultivariableinteractionsishighforsuccessful applicationofPIDcontrolinmultivariableprocessesanditisevidentfrommajor leading control companies who all rankedthe couplings of multivariable systems as the principal common problem in industry. There have been studies on PID control for multivariable processes and they provide some useful design tools for certaincases. But itis notedthat the existing worksaremainlyfor decentralized form of PID control and based on ad hoc methodologies. Obvious, multivariable PID control is much less understood and developed in comparison with the single variable case and actual need for industrial applications. Better theory and design have to be established for multivariable PID control to reach the same maturity and popularity as the single variable case. The present monograph puts together, in a single volume, a fairly comp- hensive, up-to-date and detailed treatment of PID control for multivariable p- cesses, from paring, gain and phase margins, to various design methods and applications.

PID controllers. --- MIMO systems. --- Robust control. --- Régulateurs PID --- Systèmes à entrées multiples et à sorties multiples --- Commande robuste --- PID controllers --- MIMO systems --- Robust control --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Robustness (Control systems) --- Multiple input-multiple output systems --- Proportional Integral-Derivative controllers --- Proportional-plus-Integral-plus-Derivative controllers --- Engineering. --- System theory. --- Control engineering. --- Robotics. --- Mechatronics. --- Control, Robotics, Mechatronics. --- Systems Theory, Control. --- Automatic control --- Wireless communication systems --- Systems, Theory of --- Systems science --- Science --- Philosophy --- Systems theory. --- Mechanical engineering --- Microelectronics --- Microelectromechanical systems --- Automation --- Machine theory --- Control engineering --- Control equipment --- Control theory --- Engineering instruments --- Programmable controllers

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Through the use of a multivariate cointegration and error-correction model, this study investigates the short- and long-run relationship over the past two decades between fiscal expenditure policy and non?oil real GDP growth in member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Despite the important role of the government, the empirical results do not strongly support that increases in fiscal expenditures tend to slow or accelerate non?oil real growth in these countries. However, the breakdown into current and capital expenditures is useful for assessing the effects of each spending category on short- and long-run non?oil real GDP growth.

Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Fiscal Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Economic History: Macroeconomics --- Growth and Fluctuations: Asia including Middle East --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Public finance & taxation --- Expenditure --- Current spending --- Capital spending --- Total expenditures --- Oil prices --- Expenditures, Public --- Capital investments --- Saudi Arabia

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This self-contained book, written by leading experts, offers a cutting-edge, in-depth overview of the filtering and control of wireless networked systems. It addresses the energy constraint and filter/controller gain variation problems, and presents both the centralized and the distributed solutions. The first two chapters provide an introduction to networked control systems and basic information on system analysis. Chapters (3–6) then discuss the centralized filtering of wireless networked systems, presenting different approaches to deal with energy efficiency and filter/controller gain variation problems. The next part (chapters 7–10) explores the distributed filtering of wireless networked systems, addressing the main problems of energy constraint and filter gain variation. The final part (chapters 11–14) focuses on the distributed control of wireless networked systems.