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This book addresses one central question: if justice is to be done in the name of the community, how far do the decision-makers need to reflect the community, either in their profile or in the opinions they espouse? Each contributor provides an answer on the basis of a careful analysis of the rules, assumptions and practices relating to their own national judicial system and legal culture. Written by national experts, the essays illustrate a variety of institutional designs towards a better reflection of the community. The involvement of lay people is often most visible in judicial appointments at senior court level, with political representatives sometimes appointing judges. They consider the lay involvement in the judicial system more widely, from the role of juries to the role of specialist lay judges and lay assessors in lower courts and tribunals. This lay input into judicial appointments is explored in light of the principle of judicial independence. The contributors also critically discuss the extent to which judicial action is legitimised by any ‘democratic pedigree’ of the judges or their decisions. The book thus offers a range of perspectives, all shaped by distinctive constitutional and legal cultures, on the thorny relationship between the principle of judicial independence and the idea of democratic accountability of the judiciary.

Law. --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law. --- Philosophy of Law. --- Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History. --- Philosophy of law. --- Droit --- Judges. --- Judicial ethics. --- Judicial process. --- Law, Politics & Government --- Law, General & Comparative --- Ethics, Judicial --- Judges --- Alcaldes --- Cadis --- Chief justices --- Chief magistrates --- Justices --- Magistrates --- Decision making, Judicial --- Judicial behavior --- Judicial decision making --- Professional ethics --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Political science. --- Law --- Private international law. --- Conflict of laws. --- International law. --- Comparative law. --- Philosophy. --- Courts --- Procedure (Law) --- Legal ethics --- Officials and employees --- Psychological aspects --- Interpretation and construction --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law . --- Law—Philosophy. --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Jurisprudence --- Legislation --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Choice of law --- Conflict of laws --- Intermunicipal law --- International law, Private --- International private law --- Private international law --- Legal polycentricity --- Civil law

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La désobéissance civile constitue un défi au Droit et aux règles de la démocratie représentative. La désobéissance civile s'enracine dans une histoire ancienne et complexe, que notre société, de plus en plus technicienne et individualiste, réactive. L'acte désobéissant connaît aujourd'hui un regain de vigueur, s'appuyant sur de nouveaux registres de légitimité. La contestation de la règle oblige les systèmes juridiques et politiques, notamment nos démocraties représentatives pluralistes, à reformuler les fondements de l'obéissance du citoyen à la loi. C'est que, contrairement aux contestations de type révolutionnaire, la désobéissance civile est une remise en cause de la règle juridique d'autant plus complexe qu'elle ne se situe pas en dehors du système légal mais en son sein, se revendiquant même comme une forme de participation démocratique à la production de la norme. Loin d'être un simple acte de négation de l'ordre politique, elle se revendique comme une contribution - dont l'expression est certes particulière - à l'extension du champ de la confrontation politique, en dehors des arènes représentatives. Ces interrogations relatives à la normativité ont déjà fait l'objet de recherches dans les diverses disciplines qui étudient le phénomène juridique. La science politique a, de son côté, étudié le mécanisme en suivant les formes de mobilisation que génère la figure du désobéissant. En revanche, il n'est pas habituel de les faire se rencontrer pour un travail inter-disciplinaire et encore moins autour de la désobéissance civile. Dans cette matière où débats théoriques et action pratique sont si intimement mêlés, il semble profitable de confronter ces deux points de vue. Ce livre propose donc un échange croisé et parfois contradictoire, sur les raisons et fins de la désobéissance civile.

Civil disobedience --- Political participation --- Democracy --- Désobéissance civile --- Participation politique --- Démocratie --- Philosophy --- Philosophie --- Désobéissance civile --- Démocratie --- Civil disobedience. --- Government, Resistance to. --- Opposition (Political science) --- Nonviolence. --- Civil resistance --- Non-resistance to government --- Resistance to government --- Political science --- Political violence --- Insurgency --- Nonviolence --- Revolutions --- Disobedience, Civil --- Government, Resistance to --- Non-violence --- Pacifism --- Political opposition --- Divided government --- démocratie participative --- contestation --- politique --- loi --- citoyen --- Political resistance