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Commercial policy --- Economic history --- International economic relations --- International trade --- Politique commerciale --- Histoire économique --- Relations économiques internationales --- Commerce international --- History --- Histoire --- -Economic history --- -International economic relations --- -International trade --- -External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Commerce --- Non-traded goods --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Economic conditions --- History, Economic --- Economics --- Foreign trade policy --- International trade policy --- Trade policy --- -History --- -Government policy --- -Commercial policy --- Histoire économique --- Relations économiques internationales --- External trade --- Government policy

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"Despite the popularity of the term among advocates of debt forgiveness, there is little agreement on a workable definition of "odious" debts and there are but few examples where the concept has been invoked in law to justify non-payment of sovereign debts. Most often, these have been cases when a successor state or government has refused to honor certain debts contracted by its predecessor state or government. Repudiating sovereign debts on broader grounds - such as that money may have been misused by the borrower or that results were not as hoped for at the outset of lending - would create real risks not only of reduced financial flows to poorer countries as a result of the danger of ex post challenges to lenders' claims, but also of moral hazard and lack of project ownership. This paper presents a discussion of the extant legal and financial environment facing developing country sovereign borrowers and develops a proposed approach within this environment to address issues of concern underlying the concept of odious or illegitimate debt. The authors make the case for focusing attention on codes of conduct along the lines of the Equator Principles and on refining forward-looking attempts to increase aid effectiveness and recover stolen assets. "--World Bank web site.

Debt relief --- Debts, External.

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This survey assembles recent theoretical and empirical advances in the literature on economic informality and analyzes the causes and costs of informality in developed and developing economies. Using recent evidence, the survey discusses the nature and roots of informal economic activity across countries, distinguishing between informality as the result of "exclusion" and "exit." The survey provides an extensive review of recent international experience with policies aimed at reducing informality, in particular, policies that facilitate the formalization process, create a framework for the tra

Informal sector (Economics) --- Economic development. --- Secteur informel (Economie politique) --- Développement économique --- Economic development --- Industrial Management --- Management --- Business & Economics --- Développement économique --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Artisans --- Small business