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The author discusses how religious groups, especially Jews, Mormons and Jesuits, were labeled as foreign and constructed as political, moral and national threats in Scandinavia in different periods between c. 1790 and 1960. Key questions are who articulated such opinions, how was the threat depicted, and to what extent did it influence state policies towards these groups. A special focus is given to Norway, because the Constitution of 1814 included a ban against Jews (repelled in 1851) and Jesuits (repelled in 1956), and because Mormons were denied the status of a legal religion until freedom of religion was codified in the Constitution in 1964. The author emphasizes how the construction of religious minorities as perils of society influenced the definition of national identities in all Scandinavia, from the late 18th Century until well after WWII. The argument is that Jews, Mormons and Jesuits all were constructed as "anti-citizens", as opposites of what it meant to be "good" citizens of the nation. The discourse that framed the need for national protection against foreign religious groups was transboundary. Consequently, transnational stereotypes contributed significantly in defining national identities.
HISTORY / Europe / General. --- Anti-Mormonism. --- Anti-catholicism. --- Antisemitism. --- Nationalism. --- Jesuits --- History. --- Compagnie de Jésus --- Compañia de Jesus --- Gesellschaft Jesu --- Jesuitas --- Jesuiten --- Jesuiti --- Jezuïten --- Jésuites --- Paters Jezuïten --- Societeit van Jezus --- Society of Jesus --- イエズス会 --- カトリック イエズス会
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The prehistoric native peoples of the Mississippi River Valley and other areas of the Eastern Woodlands of the United States shared a complex set of symbols and motifs that constituted one of the greatest artistic traditions of the pre-Columbian Americas. Traditionally known as the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, these artifacts of copper, shell, stone, clay, and wood were the subject of the groundbreaking 2007 book Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, which presented a major reconstruction of the rituals, cosmology, ideology, and political structures of the Mississippian peoples. Visualizing the Sacred advances the study of Mississippian iconography by delving into the regional variations within what is now known as the Mississippian Iconographic Interaction Sphere (MIIS). Bringing archaeological, ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and iconographic perspectives to the analysis of Mississippian art, contributors from several disciplines discuss variations in symbols and motifs among major sites and regions across a wide span of time and also consider what visual symbols reveal about elite status in diverse political environments. These findings represent the first formal identification of style regions within the Mississippian Iconographic Interaction Sphere and call for a new understanding of the MIIS as a network of localized, yet interrelated religious systems that experienced both continuity and change over time.
Mississippian culture. --- Mississippian art --- Indian cosmology --- Indians of North America --- Visions --- Regionalism --- Culture du Mississippi --- Art mississippien --- Cosmologie indienne d'Amérique --- Indiens d'Amérique --- Régionalisme --- Religion --- History --- Histoire --- Mississippi River Valley --- Middle West --- Southern States --- East (U.S.) --- Mississippi, Vallée du --- Midwest (Etats-Unis) --- Etats-Unis (Sud) --- Etats-Unis (Est) --- Antiquities. --- Antiquities --- Antiquités --- Mississippian art. --- Religion.
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