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Belgique ; économie --- België ; economie --- Communautés et Régions --- Croissance économique --- Economie régionale et locale --- Economische groei --- Gemeenschappen en Gewesten --- Regionale en lokale economie --- Regional economics. --- Economie régionale --- European Union countries --- Belgium --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Belgique --- Economic conditions --- Regional disparities. --- Conditions économiques --- Disparités régionales --- 332.1 <493> --- 336.12 <4-15> --- 311:33 --- Regional economics --- 336.12 EUR --- 33 --- 323.172 --- convergence --- croissance economique --- region --- statistique --- econometrie --- modeles economiques --- belgique --- europe --- BX / Brussels - Brussel - Bruxelles --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- VL / Flanders - Vlaams Gewest - Région Flamande --- WA / Wallonia - Région Wallonne - Waals Gewest --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- 334.151.4 --- 338.8 --- 338.43 --- Economics --- Regional planning --- Regionalism --- Space in economics --- Regionale economie. Territoriale economie. Territoriale structuur van de economie. Economische gebieden en zones. Regionale spreiding van de produktiefactoren. Standplaatsspreiding--België --- Staatsfinancien. Staatshuishouding--West-Europa --- Economische statistieken --- economie --- regionalisering - gewestvorming - regionale autonomie (zie ook 328.132 --- convergentie --- economische groei --- gewest --- statistiek --- economische modellen --- belgie --- europa --- EG : regionaal beleid. Europees Fonds voor Regionale Ontwikkeling. --- Economische groei. --- Regionaal beleid. Industriële ontwikkeling en omschakeling van bepaalde regio's. Nieuwe industrieën. --- -EU countries --- Euroland --- Europe --- -Regional disparities. --- -Congresses --- -Economic conditions --- 311:33 Economische statistieken --- 336.12 <4-15> Staatsfinancien. Staatshuishouding--West-Europa --- 332.1 <493> Regionale economie. Territoriale economie. Territoriale structuur van de economie. Economische gebieden en zones. Regionale spreiding van de produktiefactoren. Standplaatsspreiding--België --- Economie régionale --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Conditions économiques --- Disparités régionales --- EG : regionaal beleid. Europees Fonds voor Regionale Ontwikkeling --- Regionaal beleid. Industriële ontwikkeling en omschakeling van bepaalde regio's. Nieuwe industrieën --- België --- Bélgica --- Royaume de Belgique --- Belgii︠a︡ --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Koninkrijk van België --- Königreich Belgien --- Bèlgia --- Koninkryk van België --- Königriich Belgie --- Koninkrijk België --- Belgice --- Belgice Cynerīce --- بلجيكا --- Baljīkā --- مملكة بلجيكا --- Mamlakat Baljīkā --- Belchica --- Reino de Belchica --- Belghia --- Vãsilia di Belghia --- Royômo de Bèlg·ique --- Bélxica --- Reinu de Bélxica --- Bilkiya --- Bilgasuyu --- Bilhika Qhapaqsuyu --- Belçika --- Belçika Krallığı --- Бельгия --- Бельгия Короллеге --- Belʹgii︠a︡ Korollege --- Бельгія --- Belʹhii︠a︡ --- Каралеўства Бельгія --- Karaleŭstva Belʹhii︠a︡ --- Belhika --- Bäigien --- Kinigraich Bäigien --- Belgija --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Белгия --- Regne de Bèlgica --- Бельги --- Belʹgi --- Belgické království --- Gwlad Belg --- Teyrnas Gwlad Belg --- Belgien --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Bélgii Bikéyah --- Belgiska --- Kralojstwo Belgiskej --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Βέλγιο --- Velgio --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Vasileio tou Velgiou --- Reino de Bélgica --- Belgio --- Reĝlando Belgio --- Belgujo --- Belgika --- Belgje --- Belgjo --- Belgjiche --- Bheilg --- Ríocht na Beilge --- Velg --- Reeriaght ny Belg --- Belgiya --- Rìoghachd na Beilge --- Pí-li-sṳ̀ --- Belʹjmudin Nutg --- Pelekiuma --- Regno del Belgio --- בלגיה --- Belgiyah --- ממלכת בלגיה --- Mamlekhet Belgiyah --- Belgijskô --- Pow Belg --- Ruwvaneth Belgek --- Ububiligi --- Ububirigi --- Igihugu cyʼUbubirigi --- Ubelgiji --- Ufalme wa Ubelgiji --- Belezi --- Nsi ya ntotila ya Belezi --- Bèljik --- Beljika --- Beļgeja --- Beļg̓ijas Karaliste --- Belsch --- Kinnekräich Belsch --- Belgijos Karalystė --- Belsj --- Keuninkriek Belsj --- Beldjym --- Belga Királyság --- Белгија --- ベルギー --- Berugī

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Assuming a given educational policy, the recent brain drain literature reveals that skilled migration can boost the average level of schooling in developing countries. This paper introduces educational subsidies determined by governments concerned by the number of skilled workers remaining in the country. The theoretical analysis shows that developing countries can benefit from skilled emigration when educational subsidies entail high fiscal distortions. However when taxes are not too distortionary, it is desirable to impede emigration and subsidize education. The authors investigate the empirical relationship between educational subsidies and migration prospects, obtaining a negative relationship for 105 countries. Based on this result, the analysis revisits the country specific effects of skilled migration upon human capital. The findings show that the endogeneity of public subsidies reduces the number of winners and increases the magnitude of the losses.

Brain drain --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human capital --- Immigration --- Impact of migration --- International Migration --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Migration --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population Policies --- Private Sector Development --- Progress --- Skilled workers --- Social Development

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This paper reviews the existing literature on the impact of migrants networks on the patterns of international migration. It covers the theoretical channels at stake in the global effect of the networks. It identifies the key issues, namely the impact on size, selection and concentration of the migration flows. The paper also reviews the empirical hurdles that the researchers face in assessing the importance of networks. The key issues concern the choice of micro vs a macro approach, the definition of a network, the access to suitable data and the adoption of econometric methods accounting for the main features of those data. Finally, the paper reports a set of estimation outcomes reflecting the main findings of the macro approach.

Anthropology --- Econometric Methods --- Global Effect --- Human Migrations & Resettlements --- International Economics & Trade --- International Migration --- Migrants Networks --- Migration Flows --- Population Policies --- Social Development --- Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement

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Migration is an important yet neglected determinant of institutions. This paper documents the channels through which emigration affects home country institutions and considers dynamic-panel regressions for a large sample of developing countries. The authors find that emigration and human capital both increase democracy and economic freedom. This implies that unskilled (skilled) emigration has a positive (ambiguous) impact on institutional quality. Simulations show an impact of skilled emigration that is generally positive, significant for a few countries and for many countries once incentive effects of emigration on human capital formation are accounted for.

Brain Drain --- Democracy --- Diaspora Effects --- Economic Theory & Research --- Human Migrations & Resettlements --- Institutions --- International Migration --- Migration --- Population Policies --- Social Development --- Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement

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Immigrants in Rome or Paris are more visible to the public eye than the Italian or French engineers in Silicon Valley, especially when it comes to the debate on the effects of immigration on the employment and wages of natives in high-income countries. This paper argues that such public fears, especially in European countries are misplaced; instead, more concern should be directed towards emigration. Using a new dataset on migration flows by education levels for the period 1990-2000, the results show the following: First, immigration had zero to small positive long-run effect on the average wages of natives, ranging from zero in Italy to +1.7 percent in Australia. Second, emigration had a mild to significant negative long-run effect ranging from zero for the US to ?0.8 percent in the UK. Third, over the period 1990-2000, immigration generally improved the income distribution of European countries while emigration worsened it by increasing the wage gap between the high and low skilled natives. These patterns hold true using a range of parameters for the simulations, accounting for the estimates of undocumented immigrants, and correcting for the quality of schooling and/or labor-market downgrading of skills. All results go counter to the popular beliefs about migration, but they are due to the higher skill intensity of both emigration and immigration relative to non-migrants.

International Migration --- Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials --- Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers