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This paper builds a framework to quantify the financial stability implications of climate-related transition risk in Colombia. We explore risks imposed on the banking system based on scenarios of an increase in the domestic carbon tax by using bank- and firm-level data. Focusing on the deterioration of firms’ balance sheets and the exposure of banks to different sectors, we assess the extent to which such policy shock would transmit from nonfinancial firms to the banking system. We observe that sectors are affected unevenly by a higher carbon tax. Agriculture, manufacturing, electricity, wholesale and retail trade, and transportation sectors appear to be the most important in the transmission of the risk to the banking system. Results also suggest that a large increase in the carbon tax can generate significant but likely manageable financial stability risks, and that a gradual increase in the carbon tax to meet a higher target over several years could be preferable in terms of financial risks. A gradual increase would also have the benefit of allowing for a smoother adjustment to higher carbon tax for stakeholders.

338 <47 + 57> --- 338 <574> --- 338.24 <574> --- situation economique --- developpement economique --- kazakhstan --- KZ / Kazakhstan --- 307.0 --- 331.31 --- 331.30 --- 330.580 --- 330.548 --- 338.047 --- 330.540 --- NBB ZZ --- 338.24 <574> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Kazakstan --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Kazakstan --- 338 <574> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Kazakstan --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Kazakstan --- 338 <47 + 57> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--?<47+57> --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--?<47+57> --- economische toestand --- economische ontwikkeling --- kazakstan --- Algemene statistische documentatie. Statistische jaarboeken. Grafieken. Statistische gegevensbanken. --- Economisch beleid. --- Economische toestand. --- Gecontroleerde economie. Geleide economie. Welvaarststaat. Algemeenheden. --- Nationalisatie. Privatiseringen. --- Privé en openbare bedrijven. Openbare diensten. Gemengde economie. --- Socialistische stelsels: algemeenheden. --- Kazakstan --- -Kazakstan --- -Cazaquistão --- Ha-sa-ssu-tʻan kung ho kuo --- Hasake si tan gong he guo --- Kasachstan --- Kazafusutan --- Ḳazaḥsṭan --- Kazak Respublikasy --- Kazakistan --- Qazāqistān --- Qazaqstan --- Qazaqstan Respublikasy --- Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy --- Republic of Kazakhstan --- Republic of Kazakstan --- Respublika Kazakhstan --- Республика Казахстан --- Казахстан --- קזחסטן --- カザフスタン --- Kazakh S.S.R. --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- International finance --- Kazakhstan --- Algemene statistische documentatie. Statistische jaarboeken. Grafieken. Statistische gegevensbanken --- Economisch beleid --- Economische toestand --- Gecontroleerde economie. Geleide economie. Welvaarststaat. Algemeenheden --- Nationalisatie. Privatiseringen --- Privé en openbare bedrijven. Openbare diensten. Gemengde economie --- Socialistische stelsels: algemeenheden --- -Kazakh S.S.R. --- Cazaquistão --- Kazachstan --- -Economic conditions --- Colombia --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Taxation --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Banks and Banking --- Environmental Economics --- Industries: Financial Services --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Public finance & taxation --- Climate change --- Banking --- Environmental economics --- Finance --- Carbon tax --- Taxes --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Environment --- Commercial banks --- Financial institutions --- Loans --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Environmental impact charges --- Greenhouse gases --- Banks and banking --- Emissions trading

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Ten years after the introduction of publically-funded universal health insurance, the Mexican health system finds itself at a critical juncture. Unquestionably, some measures of health and health system performance have improved: those previously uninsured now use health services more often, whilst numbers reporting impoverishing health expenditure having fallen from 3.3% to 0.8%. Other indicators, however, remain worrying. Rates of survival after heart attack or stroke are markedly worse than in other OECD countries. Prevention is a particular concern: with 32% of the adult population obese, Mexico ranks as the second most obese nation in the OECD and almost 1 in 6 adults are diabetic. Other key metrics imply deep-rooted inefficiencies in the system: administrative costs, at 8.9% of total health spending, are the highest in the OECD and have not reduced over the past decade. Likewise, out-of-pocket spending has stuck at nearly 50% of total health spending - the highest in the OECD - and implies that individuals feel the need to visit private clinic despite having health insurance. In short, Mexico’s massive public investment in its health system has failed to translate into better health and health system performance to the extent wished and a programme of continued, extensive reform is needed. This report sets out the OECD’s recommendations on the steps Mexico should take to achieve this.

Environment --- Agriculture --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Plant Sciences --- Economics --- Denmark --- Annual reports --- Zwitserland --- statistiek --- economische politiek --- economische indicatoren --- economische situatiebeschrijvingen --- werkgelegenheid --- arbeidsmarkt --- fiscaliteit --- research & development --- OESO --- economische conjunctuur --- macro-economie --- vergrijzing --- monetaire politiek --- economische groei --- milieuproblematiek --- concurrentie --- immigratie --- Periodicals --- JP / Japan - Japon --- 93 --- 331.30 --- Chronologieën. --- Chronologies. --- 93 Chronologieën. --- 93 Chronologies. --- Chronologieën --- Economische toestand --- Business. --- Finance, Personal. --- Investments. --- Investing --- Investment management --- Portfolio --- Finance --- Disinvestment --- Loans --- Saving and investment --- Speculation --- Finance, Personal --- Financial management, Personal --- Financial planning, Personal --- Personal finance --- Personal financial management --- Personal financial planning --- Financial literacy --- Trade --- Management --- Commerce --- Industrial management --- Planning --- Economic history. --- Economic policy. --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- Economic policy --- National planning --- State planning --- National security --- Social policy --- History, Economic --- Political aspects --- Estonia --- Estonia. --- E.N.S.V. --- Eesti --- Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistik Vabariik --- Eesti NSV --- Eesti Vabariik --- Ehstland --- ENSV --- Esthland --- Esthonia --- Estland --- Estonian S.S.R. --- Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic --- Estonian SSR --- Ėstonii︠a︡ --- Estonija --- Ėstonskai︠a︡ S.S.R. --- Ėstonskai︠a︡ Sovetskaia Sot︠s︡ialisticheskaia Respublika --- Ėstonskai︠a︡ SSR --- Estonskaya S.S.R. --- Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sot︠s︡ialisticheskaya Respublika --- Estonskaya SSR --- R.P.S.S. Estonia --- Republic of Estonia --- RPSS Estonia --- Viro --- Эстония --- Ėstli︠a︡ndskai︠a︡ gubernīi︠a︡ (Russia) --- Ostland --- Ėstonii͡ --- Ėstonskai͡a S.S.R. --- Ėstonskai͡a Sovetskaia Sot͡sialisticheskaia Respublika --- Ėstonskai͡a SSR --- Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sot͡sialisticheskaya Respublika --- Russia (Federation) --- Europe --- Economic conditions --- OECD countries --- OECD member countries --- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries --- Statistics --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- LU / Luxembourg - Luxemburg --- Economische toestand. --- AU / Australia - Australië - Australie --- AT / Austria - Oostenrijk - Autriche --- IS / Iceland - Ijsland - Islande --- NZ / New Zealand - Nieuw Zeeland - Nouvelle Zélande --- MX / Mexico - Mexique --- BR / Brazil - Brazilië - Brésil --- 262 Europese economische en monetaire politiek --- 338 (4) --- 338 (4) Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Europa --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Europa --- Finland --- pensioen --- sociale zekerheid --- huisvestingsbeleid --- gezondheidszorg --- onderwijs, bestuur --- globalisering --- 338 <438> --- 338 <438> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Polen --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Polen --- costa rica --- ocde --- oeso --- #ETEW:TSCAT --- 338 <435.9> --- 338 <435.9> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Groothertogdom Luxemburg --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Groothertogdom Luxemburg --- 338 (439) --- 338 (439) Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Hongarije --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Hongarije --- Yearbooks --- Spanje --- entrepreneurship --- overheidsbedrijven --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- #SBIB:311.21 G --- #SBIB:33H000 --- 462 Economisch beleid --- Economische toestand 338.1 --- OESO / OCDE / OECD 339.92OECD --- 09.01.a --- Statistische gegevens --- Economie: algemene werken --- Sociale verzekering ; België ; Algemeen --- Economic development --- -282 Landbeschrijvingen (sociaal-economisch-cultureel) --- 330.9005 --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- argentine --- argentinie --- tunisie --- tunesie --- 338 <497.4> --- 338 <497.4> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Slovenie --(vanaf 1991) --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Slovenie --(vanaf 1991) --- 338 <437.6> --- 338 <437.6> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Slovakije --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Slovakije --- International economic relations --- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development --- FI / Finland - Finlande --- #A91M1 --- #A9209A --- #A9707A --- België --- #SBIB:316.334.3M54 --- #SBIB:316.8H40 --- #A9902A --- Organisatie en financiering van de gezondheidszorg --- Sociaal beleid: social policy, sociale zekerheid, verzorgingsstaat --- Spendings tax. --- Consumption tax --- Expenditure tax --- Taxation of consumption --- Taxation of expenditures --- Taxation of spendings --- Sales tax --- Taxation --- Energy --- Business, Economy and Management --- Social Sciences --- International Business & Transnational Corporations --- Developmental Issues & Socioeconomic Studies --- Political Science --- Public Policy & Administration --- Regional and International Studies --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Brazil --- Economic indicators --- Quality of life --- Energy policy. --- Labor market. --- Labor movement. --- Working class. --- Commons (Social order) --- Labor and laboring classes --- Laboring class --- Labouring class --- Working class --- Working classes --- Social classes --- Labor --- Social movements --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Markets --- Employment --- Supply and demand --- Climate change mitigation. --- Climatic changes --- Climate mitigation --- Climatic mitigation --- Mitigation of climate change --- Environmental protection --- Government policy. --- Economic aspects. --- Mitigation --- European Union countries --- Economic conditions. --- Energy development. --- Energy policy --- Sustainable development --- Government policy --- Law and legislation --- Albania --- Economic surveys --- CN / China - Chine --- Social ethics --- Economic forecasting - Japan --- Globalization - Japan --- Japan - Economic conditions - 21st century --- Japan - Economic policy - 21st century --- Radioactive waste disposal --- Nuclear power plants --- Nuclear energy --- Decommissioning --- Labor supply --- Labor force --- Labor force participation --- Labor pool --- Work force --- Workforce --- Labor market --- Human capital --- Labor mobility --- Manpower --- Manpower policy --- International trade --- Service industries --- Industries --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Finance, Public --- Revenue --- Kazakhstan --- Lesotho --- Health indicators. --- Nutrition -- Europe. --- Public health -- Europe. --- Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Public Health - General --- Norway --- -Taxation --- Pakistan --- Medical care --- Public health --- Quality control. --- Japan --- City planning --- Poland --- Fisheries --- Fish trade --- Fishing boats --- Social Issues/Migration/Health --- Finance and Investment --- Burkina Faso --- Debts, External --- Medical personnel --- Management. --- Economic development. --- Australia --- Switzerland --- France --- Belgium --- Environmental policy --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- Austria --- New Zealand --- Education. --- Japan. --- Economic forecasting --- Czech Republic --- Canada --- Education --- Costa Rica --- Income --- Income tax --- Power resources --- Electric power production --- Environmental aspects. --- OECD-länderna. --- Water-supply --- Occupational training. --- Luxembourg --- Governance --- Tunisia --- Politics and government. --- Educational leadership --- School supervision --- Teachers --- Sustainable agriculture --- Corporations --- Double taxation. --- Double taxation --- Law and legislation. --- Labor economics. --- Business enterprises. --- Greece --- Lithuania --- Hungary --- Economic surveys. --- Germany --- Emigration and immigration --- Businesspeople --- Small business --- Economic assistance --- Mexico --- -Economic history. --- Globalization --- -Economic surveys --- MARCHE DE L'ACIER --- SIDERURGIE --- METALLURGIE --- -Austria --- Health --- -Business, Economy and Management --- -Economic assistance --- Radioactive waste disposal. --- Nuclear energy. --- Decommissioning. --- Technical assistance --- Developing countries