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A survey, thorough and timely, of the singularities of two-dimensional normal complex analytic varieties, the volume summarizes the results obtained since Hirzebruch's thesis (1953) and presents new contributions. First, the singularity is resolved and shown to be classified by its resolution; then, resolutions are classed by the use of spaces with nilpotents; finally, the spaces with nilpotents are determined by means of the local ring structure of the singularity.

Algebraic geometry --- Analytic spaces --- SINGULARITIES (Mathematics) --- 512.76 --- Singularities (Mathematics) --- Geometry, Algebraic --- Spaces, Analytic --- Analytic functions --- Functions of several complex variables --- Birational geometry. Mappings etc. --- Analytic spaces. --- Singularities (Mathematics). --- 512.76 Birational geometry. Mappings etc. --- Birational geometry. Mappings etc --- Analytic function. --- Analytic set. --- Analytic space. --- Automorphism. --- Bernhard Riemann. --- Big O notation. --- Calculation. --- Chern class. --- Codimension. --- Coefficient. --- Cohomology. --- Compact Riemann surface. --- Complex manifold. --- Computation. --- Connected component (graph theory). --- Continuous function. --- Contradiction. --- Coordinate system. --- Corollary. --- Covering space. --- Dimension. --- Disjoint union. --- Divisor. --- Dual graph. --- Elliptic curve. --- Elliptic function. --- Embedding. --- Existential quantification. --- Factorization. --- Fiber bundle. --- Finite set. --- Formal power series. --- Hausdorff space. --- Holomorphic function. --- Homeomorphism. --- Homology (mathematics). --- Intersection (set theory). --- Intersection number (graph theory). --- Inverse limit. --- Irreducible component. --- Isolated singularity. --- Iteration. --- Lattice (group). --- Line bundle. --- Linear combination. --- Line–line intersection. --- Local coordinates. --- Local ring. --- Mathematical induction. --- Maximal ideal. --- Meromorphic function. --- Monic polynomial. --- Nilpotent. --- Normal bundle. --- Open set. --- Parameter. --- Plane curve. --- Pole (complex analysis). --- Power series. --- Presheaf (category theory). --- Projective line. --- Quadratic transformation. --- Quantity. --- Riemann surface. --- Riemann–Roch theorem. --- Several complex variables. --- Submanifold. --- Subset. --- Tangent bundle. --- Tangent space. --- Tensor algebra. --- Theorem. --- Topological space. --- Transition function. --- Two-dimensional space. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Zero divisor. --- Zero of a function. --- Zero set. --- Variétés complexes --- Espaces analytiques

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Toric varieties are algebraic varieties arising from elementary geometric and combinatorial objects such as convex polytopes in Euclidean space with vertices on lattice points. Since many algebraic geometry notions such as singularities, birational maps, cycles, homology, intersection theory, and Riemann-Roch translate into simple facts about polytopes, toric varieties provide a marvelous source of examples in algebraic geometry. In the other direction, general facts from algebraic geometry have implications for such polytopes, such as to the problem of the number of lattice points they contain. In spite of the fact that toric varieties are very special in the spectrum of all algebraic varieties, they provide a remarkably useful testing ground for general theories. The aim of this mini-course is to develop the foundations of the study of toric varieties, with examples, and describe some of these relations and applications. The text concludes with Stanley's theorem characterizing the numbers of simplicies in each dimension in a convex simplicial polytope. Although some general theorems are "ed without proof, the concrete interpretations via simplicial geometry should make the text accessible to beginners in algebraic geometry.

Algebraic geometry --- Differential geometry. Global analysis --- 512.7 --- Algebraic geometry. Commutative rings and algebras --- Toric varieties. --- 512.7 Algebraic geometry. Commutative rings and algebras --- Toric varieties --- Embeddings, Torus --- Torus embeddings --- Varieties, Toric --- Algebraic varieties --- Addition. --- Affine plane. --- Affine space. --- Affine variety. --- Alexander Grothendieck. --- Alexander duality. --- Algebraic curve. --- Algebraic group. --- Atiyah–Singer index theorem. --- Automorphism. --- Betti number. --- Big O notation. --- Characteristic class. --- Chern class. --- Chow group. --- Codimension. --- Cohomology. --- Combinatorics. --- Commutative property. --- Complete intersection. --- Convex polytope. --- Convex set. --- Coprime integers. --- Cotangent space. --- Dedekind sum. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dimension. --- Direct proof. --- Discrete valuation ring. --- Discrete valuation. --- Disjoint union. --- Divisor (algebraic geometry). --- Divisor. --- Dual basis. --- Dual space. --- Equation. --- Equivalence class. --- Equivariant K-theory. --- Euler characteristic. --- Exact sequence. --- Explicit formula. --- Facet (geometry). --- Fundamental group. --- Graded ring. --- Grassmannian. --- H-vector. --- Hirzebruch surface. --- Hodge theory. --- Homogeneous coordinates. --- Homomorphism. --- Hypersurface. --- Intersection theory. --- Invertible matrix. --- Invertible sheaf. --- Isoperimetric inequality. --- Lattice (group). --- Leray spectral sequence. --- Limit point. --- Line bundle. --- Line segment. --- Linear subspace. --- Local ring. --- Mathematical induction. --- Mixed volume. --- Moduli space. --- Moment map. --- Monotonic function. --- Natural number. --- Newton polygon. --- Open set. --- Picard group. --- Pick's theorem. --- Polytope. --- Projective space. --- Quadric. --- Quotient space (topology). --- Regular sequence. --- Relative interior. --- Resolution of singularities. --- Restriction (mathematics). --- Resultant. --- Riemann–Roch theorem. --- Serre duality. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Simplex. --- Simplicial complex. --- Simultaneous equations. --- Spectral sequence. --- Subgroup. --- Subset. --- Summation. --- Surjective function. --- Tangent bundle. --- Theorem. --- Topology. --- Toric variety. --- Unit disk. --- Vector space. --- Weil conjecture. --- Zariski topology.

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Since Poincaré's time, topologists have been most concerned with three species of manifold. The most primitive of these--the TOP manifolds--remained rather mysterious until 1968, when Kirby discovered his now famous torus unfurling device. A period of rapid progress with TOP manifolds ensued, including, in 1969, Siebenmann's refutation of the Hauptvermutung and the Triangulation Conjecture. Here is the first connected account of Kirby's and Siebenmann's basic research in this area.The five sections of this book are introduced by three articles by the authors that initially appeared between 1968 and 1970. Appendices provide a full discussion of the classification of homotopy tori, including Casson's unpublished work and a consideration of periodicity in topological surgery.

Differential geometry. Global analysis --- Manifolds (Mathematics) --- Piecewise linear topology --- Triangulating manifolds --- Variétés (Mathématiques) --- Topologie linéaire par morceaux --- 515.16 --- Manifolds, Triangulating --- PL topology --- Topology --- Geometry, Differential --- Topology of manifolds --- Piecewise linear topology. --- Triangulating manifolds. --- Manifolds (Mathematics). --- 515.16 Topology of manifolds --- Variétés (Mathématiques) --- Topologie linéaire par morceaux --- Triangulation. --- Triangulation --- Affine space. --- Algebraic topology (object). --- Approximation. --- Associative property. --- Automorphism. --- Big O notation. --- CW complex. --- Calculation. --- Cap product. --- Cartesian product. --- Category of sets. --- Chain complex. --- Classification theorem. --- Classifying space. --- Cobordism. --- Codimension. --- Cofibration. --- Cohomology. --- Connected space. --- Continuous function (set theory). --- Continuous function. --- Counterexample. --- Diffeomorphism. --- Differentiable manifold. --- Differential structure. --- Differential topology. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Direct proof. --- Disjoint union. --- Elementary proof. --- Embedding. --- Euclidean space. --- Existence theorem. --- Existential quantification. --- Fiber bundle. --- Fibration. --- General position. --- Geometry. --- Group homomorphism. --- H-cobordism. --- H-space. --- Handle decomposition. --- Handlebody. --- Hauptvermutung. --- Hausdorff space. --- Hilbert cube. --- Homeomorphism group. --- Homeomorphism. --- Homomorphism. --- Homotopy group. --- Homotopy. --- Inclusion map. --- Injective function. --- Invertible matrix. --- K-cell (mathematics). --- Kan extension. --- Linear subspace. --- Linear topology. --- Manifold. --- Mapping cylinder. --- Mathematical induction. --- Mathematician. --- Metric space. --- Morse theory. --- Neighbourhood (mathematics). --- Open set. --- Partition of unity. --- Piecewise linear manifold. --- Piecewise linear. --- Poincaré conjecture. --- Polyhedron. --- Principal bundle. --- Product metric. --- Pushout (category theory). --- Regular homotopy. --- Retract. --- Sheaf (mathematics). --- Simplicial complex. --- Smoothing. --- Spin structure. --- Stability theory. --- Stable manifold. --- Standard map. --- Submanifold. --- Submersion (mathematics). --- Subset. --- Surgery exact sequence. --- Surjective function. --- Theorem. --- Topological group. --- Topological manifold. --- Topological space. --- Topology. --- Transversal (geometry). --- Transversality (mathematics). --- Transversality theorem. --- Union (set theory). --- Uniqueness theorem. --- Vector bundle. --- Zorn's lemma. --- Variétés topologiques