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Dextran --- Bibliography.

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This is the fourth Special Issue in Pharmaceuticals within the last six years dealing with aspects of radiopharmaceutical sciences. It demonstrates the significant interest and increasing relevance to ameliorate nuclear medicine imaging with PET or SPECT, and also radiotherapeutical procedures.Numerous targets and mechanisms have been identified and have been under investigation over the previous years, covering many fields of medical and clinical research. This development is well illustrated by the articles in the present issue, including 13 original research papers and one review, covering a broad range of actual research topics in the field of radiopharmaceutical sciences.

n/a --- pretargeting --- radioiodination --- neurodegeneration --- phosphoramidon --- GRPR --- molecular imaging --- allosteric modulator --- radiosynthesis --- separation --- ?-CIT. --- PET/CT imaging --- technetium-99m --- gastrin-releasing peptide receptor --- metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 --- glutamate --- oncogenic fusions --- Fusarinine C --- hypoxia --- tirapazamine (TPZ) --- 68Ga --- sentinel lymph node --- 99mTc-radioligand --- iodine-131 --- electrophilic radioiodination --- 4-dioxide (BTDO) --- minigastrin --- ceftriaxone --- tropomyosin receptor kinase --- carbonic anhydrase IX --- ABP688 --- NPY(Y1)R --- MMPEP --- radiosensitizer --- neprilysin-inhibition --- radiochemistry --- girentuximab --- benzotriazine-1 --- gallium-68 --- cholecystokinin-2 receptor --- tumor targeting --- radioimmunotherapy --- salivary gland uptake --- metabolic stability --- tumor hypoxia --- multimerization --- oxidizing agent --- neuroinflammation --- gastrin-releasing peptide --- dextran --- carbon-11 --- peptide heterodimers --- apparent molar activity --- radiometals --- microglia --- rituximab --- [18F]FMISO --- [11C]meta-hydroxyephedrine --- Iodo-Gen® --- mannose --- 177Lu-radiopharmaceuticals --- azomycin nucleosides --- breast cancer --- click chemistry --- small animal imaging --- SR 4317 --- benzotriazine-1-monoxide (BTMO) --- bombesin --- prostate cancer --- Chloramine T --- 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals --- ketamine --- PSMA-617 --- positron emission tomography --- hydrazinonicotinic acid (HYNIC) --- renal cell carcinomas --- [18F]PSS232 --- PET --- endoradiotherapy

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A gel is a state of matter that consists of a three-dimensional cross-linked polymer network and a large amount of solvent. Because of their structural characteristics, gels play important roles in science and technology. The science of gels has attracted much attention since the discovery of the volume phase transition by Professor Toyoichi Tanala at MIT in 1978. MDPI planned to publish a Special Issue in Gels to celebrate the 40th anniversary of this discovery, which received submissions of 13 original papers and one review from various areas of science. We believe that readers will find this Special Issue informative as to the recent advancements of gel research and the broad background of gel science.

delamination --- n/a --- fractal analysis --- buckling --- artificial hydrogel cartilage --- frictional property --- kinetic coefficient --- paint coating --- scaling analysis --- moving boundary picture --- XRD --- volume phase transition --- fracture --- fatigue --- crack --- gelation temperature --- xerogel --- swelling of thermosensitive gels --- copolymerization --- phase transition dynamics --- wetting --- poly (acryl amide) gel --- swelling --- sucrose --- anisotropic shape --- ice crystallization during rewarming --- micropipette aspiration --- microgel --- crosslink density (density of crosslinks) --- hydrogel --- Sephadex® (crosslinked dextran) --- sol-gel transition --- thermoresponsive property --- compression --- Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory --- monomer sequence --- microcrystallite --- swelling behavior --- micrometric confinement --- wear --- light scattering --- X-ray CT --- co-crosslinking --- electrophoresis --- gel --- hysteresis --- ice grain --- effects of electric charge --- phase separation --- acrylamide derivative --- Barrett-Joyner-Halenda analysis --- temperature --- xylitol --- agarose gel --- spinodal temperature --- glassy water --- chemical gel --- blood coagulation --- poly(vinyl alcohol) --- pulse field gradient spin echo method of nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) --- time domain reflectometry (TDR) of dielectric spectroscopy --- site-bond correlated-percolation model for polymer gelation --- spinodal decomposition --- adhesion --- janus particle --- wrinkle --- friction --- cloud point temperature --- drying --- gamma ray sterilization --- solvent exchange --- solids content --- solvent transport --- heterogeneous gelation dynamics --- PVA gel --- hydrogen bond

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Development of strategies to assist the movement of poorly permeable molecules across biological barriers has long been the goal of drug delivery science. In the last three decades, there has been an exponential increase in advanced drug delivery systems that aim to address this issue. However, most proprietary delivery technologies that have progressed to clinical development are based on permeation enhancers (PEs) that have a history of safe use in man. This Special Issue entitled “Transmucosal Absorption Enhancers in the Drug Delivery Field” aims to present the current state-of-the-art in the application of PEs to improve drug absorption. Emphasis is placed on identification of novel permeation enhancers, mechanisms of barrier alteration, physicochemical properties of PEs that contribute to optimal enhancement action, new delivery models to assess PEs, studies assessing safety of PEs, approaches to assist translation of PEs into effective oral, nasal, ocular and vaginal dosage forms and combining PEs with other delivery strategies.

chitosan --- intestinal epithelial cells --- ocular delivery --- amphiphilic polymers --- cornea --- tight junction modulator --- cyclodextrin --- permeability --- gemini surfactant --- transferrin --- compound 48/80 --- epithelial permeability --- cervicovaginal tumors --- nanoparticles --- confocal laser scanning microscopy --- safety --- formulation --- salcaprozate sodium --- intestinal absorption --- FITC-dextran --- curcumin --- block copolymers --- nasal vaccination --- whole leaf --- brush border --- ocular drug delivery --- vaccine adjuvant --- nanoparticle --- nasal delivery --- efflux --- permeation enhancers --- absorption enhancers --- nose to brain delivery --- small intestine --- epithelium --- CNS disorders --- absorption modifying excipients --- insulin --- absorption enhancer --- gel --- intestinal delivery --- thermogel system --- Caco-2 --- biocompatibility studies --- absorption enhancement --- man --- PN159 --- poorly absorbed drug --- tryptophan --- tight junction --- oral macromolecule delivery --- penetration enhancer --- intestinal permeation enhancers --- nanocrystals --- simvastatin --- nanomedicine --- enterocyte --- N-dodecyl-?-D-maltoside (DDM) --- cell-penetrating peptide --- quaternization --- KLAL --- nasal --- nasal permeability --- transmucosal drug delivery --- Caco-2 cells --- mast cell activator --- penetration enhancers --- drug delivery --- nose-to-brain --- bioenhancer --- polymeric micelles --- mucoadhesion --- cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) --- simulated intestinal fluid --- vaginal delivery --- nasal formulation --- pharmacokinetic interaction --- sodium caprate --- clinical trial --- transmucosal permeation --- drug absorption enhancer --- sugar-based surfactants --- nanocapsules --- imatinib --- teriparatide --- osteoporosis --- hydrophobization --- F-actin --- combined microsphere --- transepithelial electrical resistance --- oral delivery --- ocular conditions --- metabolism --- antimicrobial peptide --- permeation enhancer --- drug administration --- antiepileptic drug --- amino acid --- in vivo studies --- sodium cholate (NaC) --- epithelial transport --- preclinical --- nose to brain transport --- pharmacokinetics --- chitosan derivatives --- ophthalmology --- tight junctions --- sheep --- cationic functionalization --- GLP-1 --- pulmonary --- and liposome --- cytochrome P450 --- claudin --- P-glycoprotein --- in situ hydrogel --- mucoadhesiveness --- PTH 1-34 --- Aloe vera --- oral peptides