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Assignats. --- Money

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Rebecca L. Spang, who revolutionized our understanding of the restaurant, has written a new history of money. It uses one of the most infamous examples of monetary innovation, the assignats—a currency initially defined by French revolutionaries as “circulating land”—to demonstrate that money is as much a social and political mediator as it is an economic instrument. Following the assignats from creation to abandonment, Spang shows them to be subject to the same slippages between policies and practice, intentions and outcomes, as other human inventions. But Spang’s book is also a new history of the French Revolution, one in which radicalization was driven by an ever-widening gap between political ideals and the realities of daily life. Money played a critical role in creating this gulf. Wed to the idea that liberty required economic deregulation as well as political freedom, revolutionary legislators extended the notion of free trade to include “freedom of money.” The consequences were disastrous. Backed neither by the weight of tradition nor by the state that issued them, the assignats could not be a functioning currency. Ever reluctant to interfere in the workings of the market, lawmakers thought changes to the material form of the assignats should suffice to enhance their credibility. Their hopes were disappointed, and the Revolution spiraled out of control. Stuff and Money in the Time of the French Revolution restores economics, in the broadest sense, to its rightful place at the heart of the Revolution and hence to that of modern politics.

History of France --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Money --- Assignats --- Monetary policy --- Monnaie --- Politique monétaire --- Assignats. --- History --- History. --- Social aspects --- Political aspects --- France --- Economic conditions --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Economic history. --- Monetary policy. --- Money. --- Politics and government. --- Französische Revolution. --- Geld. --- Geldpolitik. --- Pengar --- Penningpolitik --- Ekonomisk historia. --- Politiska förhållanden --- Political aspects. --- Social aspects. --- historia. --- sociala aspekter --- politiska aspekter --- Revolution (France : 1789-1799). --- 1700-1799. --- 1700-talet. --- France. --- Frankreich. --- Frankrike. --- Assignats -- History. --- France -- Economic conditions -- 18th century. --- France -- History -- Revolution, 1789-1799. --- France -- Politics and government -- 1789-1799. --- Monetary policy -- France -- History -- 18th century. --- Money -- France -- History -- 18th century. --- Money -- Political aspects -- France -- History -- 18th century. --- Money -- Social aspects -- France -- History -- 18th century. --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- Monetary management --- Currency --- Monetary question --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Exchange --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Currency question --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth --- Inflation (Finance) --- Revolution (France : 1789-1799) --- E-books --- Politique monétaire

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Money is nothing more than what is commonly exchanged for goods or services, so why has understanding it become so complicated? In Money, renowned economist John Kenneth Galbraith cuts through the confusions surrounding the subject to present a compelling and accessible account of a topic that affects us all. He tells the fascinating story of money, the key factors that shaped its development, and the lessons that can be learned from its history. He describes the creation and evolution of monetary systems and explains how finance, credit, and banks work in the global economy. Galbraith also shows that, when it comes to money, nothing is truly new-least of all inflation and fraud.

Economic history. --- Money --- History. --- Alexander Hamilton. --- American Revolution. --- American colonies. --- Andrew Jackson. --- Austria. --- Bank of England. --- Bank of the United States. --- Bretton Woods agreements. --- Britain. --- Christopher Columbus. --- David Ricardo. --- Employment Act (1946). --- Europe. --- Federal Reserve Act (1913). --- Federal Reserve System. --- France. --- Franklin D. Roosevelt. --- French Revolution. --- Germany. --- Great Depression. --- Gross National Product (GNP). --- Irving Fisher. --- Italy. --- John Law. --- John Maynard Keynes. --- Massachusetts Bay Colony. --- National Bank Act (1863). --- National Monetary Commission. --- New Economics. --- New York Stock Exchange. --- Nicholas Biddle. --- Richard M. Nixon. --- Robert Morris. --- Salmon P. Chase. --- Say's Law. --- Second Bank of the United States. --- The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money. --- Treasury notes. --- United States. --- Winston Churchill. --- World War I. --- World War II. --- anti-inflation policies. --- assignats. --- bank deposits. --- bank failures. --- bank notes. --- bank paper. --- bank rate. --- bank reserves. --- banks. --- budget. --- canals. --- central banks. --- coins. --- commerce. --- consumer expenditures. --- copper. --- credit. --- currency stabilization. --- deflation. --- demand. --- dual monetary system. --- economic policy. --- economy. --- employment. --- euphoria. --- finance. --- fiscal policy. --- fraud. --- free banking. --- global economy. --- gold standard. --- gold. --- government paper. --- greenbacks. --- income. --- inflation. --- investment. --- loans. --- market power. --- monetary policy. --- monetary system. --- monetary systems. --- money supply. --- money. --- national banks. --- national income. --- national product. --- notes. --- open-market operations. --- panics. --- paper money. --- politics. --- precious metals. --- prices. --- railroads. --- recessions. --- securities. --- silver. --- speculation. --- stock market crash. --- stock market. --- stocks. --- taxation. --- underemployment. --- unemployment. --- wages. --- whole prices.