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A 2012 ECONOMIST BOOK OF THE YEARMany of the United States' most innovative entrepreneurs have been immigrants, from Andrew Carnegie, Alexander Graham Bell, and Charles Pfizer to Sergey Brin, Vinod Khosla, and Elon Musk. Nearly half of Fortune 500 companies and one-quarter of all new small businesses were founded by immigrants, generating trillions of dollars annually, employing millions of workers, and helping establish the United States as the most entrepreneurial, technologically advanced society on earth.Now, Vivek Wadhwa, an immigrant tech entrepreneur t

Foreign workers --- Entrepreneurship --- Government policy --- Silicon Valley entrepreneurship. --- US immigration policies. --- country caps. --- entrepreneurial immigrants. --- entrepreneurs. --- global competitors. --- green cards. --- immigration. --- innovation. --- start-ups. --- visas.

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This book constructs a historical narrative to examine the social consequences of testing faced by language-minoritized bilinguals in the United States. These consequences are understood with respect to what language-minoritized bilinguals faced when they have sought (1) access to civic participation (2) entry into the United States, (3) education in K-12 Schools, and (4) higher education opportunities. By centering the test-taker perspective with a use-oriented testing approach, the historical narrative describes the cumulative nature of these consequences for this community of individuals, which demonstrates how the mechanism of testing – often in conjunction with other structural and political forces – has contributed to the historic, systemic marginalization of language-minoritized bilinguals in the United States. By viewing these experiences with respect to consequential validity, the book poses questions to those involved in testing to not only acknowledge these histories, but to actively and explicitly incorporate efforts to dismantle these legacies of discrimination. The conclusions drawn from the historical analysis add an important perspective for educators and researchers concerned with inequities in the testing of language-minoritized bilinguals.

Bilingualism --- Linguistic minorities --- Children of minorities --- Multicultural education --- Education, Bilingual --- English language --- EFL (Language study) --- English as a foreign language --- English as a second language --- English to speakers of other languages --- ESL (Language study) --- ESOL (Language study) --- Teaching English as a second language --- TEFL (Language study) --- TESL (Language study) --- Bilingual education --- Multilingual education --- Intercultural education --- Education --- Culturally relevant pedagogy --- Minority languages --- Language and languages --- Minorities --- Sociolinguistics --- Languages in contact --- Multilingualism --- Social aspects --- Evaluation. --- Study and teaching --- Foreign speakers. --- Foreign students --- Political aspects --- Assessment. --- Bilingual Education. --- Language-minoritized bilinguals . --- Testing . --- US Immigration. --- US education policies. --- US immigration policies. --- civil rights. --- education in K-12 Schools. --- educational measurement. --- immigration. --- language education. --- linguistically diverse communities. --- marginalization. --- naturalization. --- Culturally sustaining pedagogy --- Germanic languages --- Minoritized languages