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Mungo Park (1771-1806) was a Scottish surgeon and explorer. Encouraged by Sir Joseph Banks, he was sent by the African Association, in 1795, to explore the interior of Africa, forbidden to western traders. He is believed to have been the first European to reach the River Niger. His return was delayed by imprisonment and illness, and he did not arrive back in Scotland until December 1797, having been thought dead. He later went on a second expedition to Africa, and died there in 1806. This account of his earlier travels, published in 1799, was an immediate best-seller, with three editions in the first year. Park presents a straightforward account of his journey, together with observations about daily life in West Africa, with none of the arrogant superiority so often expressed by European travellers. The book includes a vocabulary of Mandinka words, plates and maps, and a geographical appendix.

Park, Mungo, --- Travel --- Africa, West --- Niger River --- Discovery and exploration --- British --- Dioliba River --- Fleuve Dioliba --- Joliba River --- Kworra River --- River Niger --- Africa, Western --- West Africa --- Western Africa

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Le fleuve Niger constitue un véritable poumon humide pour l’Afrique de l’Ouest et plus spécialement pour la république du Mali. Dans ce pays, la gestion du fleuve constitue un enjeu majeur car on y trouve à la fois de remarquables systèmes de production traditionnels associés au phénomène naturel de crue – sources de moyens d’existence pour des centaines de milliers de personnes – mais aussi de grandes réalisations et promesses en matière d’aménagements modernes, hydroélectriques et hydroagricoles. À l’heure où de nouveaux projets d’équipement arrivent à concrétisation et où d’autres sont annoncés, il est important de faire le point sur l’état de santé de ce fleuve et de peser ce qu’il représente pour ses multiples usagers. Cette expertise collégiale, conduite par l’IRD et l’IER et réalisée avec le soutien de plusieurs institutions d’aide au développement et de défense de l’environnement, traite de ces différents aspects avec pour objectif, d’une part, la clarification des cadres institutionnels et des options de politiques publiques et, d’autre part, le renforcement des outils de suivi et d’aide à la décision. The Niger river is truly the main source of life for Western Africa, more specifically for the Republic of Mali. In the country, management of the river is a key topic, as one can find at the same time remarkable traditional production systems associated with the floods which supply hundreds thousands of people – but also great projects which promise modern installations, hydroelectrical and hydroagricultural systems. As new projects come to their end and others begin, it seems important to make a point regarding the health of the river and to evaluate what it represents for its diverse users, civil society or for the economy of Mali. This is the aim of this expert group review, led by the IRD and the IER, with the support of different development and nature protection institutes. Complementarities as well as oppositions that appear from the interactions…

Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Environmental Engineering --- Niger River --- Niger River Valley --- Economic conditions. --- Niger Valley --- Dioliba River --- Fleuve Dioliba --- Joliba River --- Kworra River --- River Niger --- aménagement hydroélectrique --- écosystème --- irrigation --- Niger cours d’eau --- aménagement hydroagricole --- Mali --- exploitation des ressources naturelles --- eau --- bassin versant