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Agrargesellschaft. --- Kommerzialisierung. --- Sociology, Rural --- Sociology, Rural. --- History. --- England.

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In private life, we try to induce or suppress love, envy, and anger through deep acting or "emotion work," just as we manage our outer expressions of feeling through surface acting. In trying to bridge a gap between what we feel and what we "ought" to feel, we take guidance from "feeling rules" about what is owing to others in a given situation. Based on our private mutual understandings of feeling rules, we make a "gift exchange" of acts of emotion management. We bow to each other not simply from the waist, but from the heart. But what occurs when emotion work, feeling rules, and the gift of exchange are introduced into the public world of work? In search of the answer, Arlie Russell Hochschild closely examines two groups of public-contact workers: flight attendants and bill collectors. The flight attendant's job is to deliver a service and create further demand for it, to enhance the status of the customer and be "nicer than natural." The bill collector's job is to collect on the service, and if necessary, to deflate the status of the customer by being "nastier than natural." Between these extremes, roughly one-third of American men and one-half of American women hold jobs that call for substantial emotional labor. In many of these jobs, they are trained to accept feeling rules and techniques of emotion management that serve the company's commercial purpose. Just as we have seldom recognized or understood emotional labor, we have not appreciated its cost to those who do it for a living. Like a physical laborer who becomes estranged from what he or she makes, an emotional laborer, such as a flight attendant, can become estranged not only from her own expressions of feeling (her smile is not "her" smile), but also from what she actually feels (her managed friendliness). This estrangement, though a valuable defense against stress, is also an important occupational hazard, because it is through our feelings that we are connected with those around us. On the basis of this book, Hochschild was featured in Key Sociological Thinkers, edited by Rob Stones. This book was also the winner of the Charles Cooley Award in 1983, awarded by the American Sociological Association and received an honorable mention for the C. Wright Mills Award.

Emotions -- Economic aspects. --- Employee motivation. --- Work -- Psychological aspects. --- Social Sciences --- Psychology --- Emotions --- Work --- Economic aspects. --- Psychological aspects. --- Motivation in industry --- Work motivation --- Work, Psychology of --- Feelings --- Human emotions --- Passions --- Motivation (Psychology) --- Personnel management --- Psychology, Industrial --- Goal setting in personnel management --- Affect (Psychology) --- Affective neuroscience --- Apathy --- Pathognomy --- Arbeitnehmer. --- Gefühl. --- Kommerzialisierung. --- Manipulation. --- Selbstentfremdung.

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Partant de la remarque de G. Deleuze selon laquelle "l'argent est l'envers de toutes les images que le cinéma montre et monte à l'endroit", P. Szendy s'attache à retracer la généalogie de l'espace iconique contemporain, produit de la mise en circulation et de la marchandisation générale des images et des vues. Il cherche à établir une "iconomie générale" en s'appuyant sur des séquences de cinéma. ©Electre 2017 Ce qu’il s’agit d’analyser, d’ausculter, c’est ce que Walter Benjamin, en 1929 déjà, décrivait comme un espace chargé à cent pour cent d’images. Autrement dit : cette visibilité saturée qui nous arrive de partout, nous entoure et nous traverse aujourd’hui.Un tel espace iconique est le produit d’une histoire : celle de la mise en circulation et de la marchandisation générale des images et des vues. Il fallait ébaucher sa généalogie, depuis les premiers ascenseurs ou escalators (ces travellings avant la lettre) jusqu’aux techniques actuelles de l’oculométrie traquant les moindres saccades de nos yeux, en passant par le cinéma, grand chef d’orchestre des regards.Mais, sous-jacente à cette innervation du visible, il y a une économie propre aux images : ce qu’on tente d’appeler leur iconomie. Deleuze l’avait entrevue lorsqu’il écrivait, dans des pages inspirées par Marx : « l’argent est l’envers de toutes les images que le cinéma montre et monte à l’endroit ». Une phrase que l’on n’entendra dans toute sa portée ontologique qu’à condition de se souvenir que « cinéma » veut aussi dire ici : « l’univers ».C’est pourquoi, tout en se laissant guider par des séquences d’Hitchcock, de Bresson, d’Antonioni, de De Palma ou des Sopranos, ces pages voudraient frayer la voie qui conduit d’une iconomie restreinte à ce qu’on pourrait nommer, avec Bataille, une iconomie générale.

Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Philosophy and psychology of culture --- Film --- Perception des images --- Espace (art) --- Cinéma et arts --- Philosophie --- Information --- Économie du savoir --- Motion pictures --- Semiotics --- Visual Perception --- Philosophy --- Economic aspects --- Cinéma et arts --- Picture perception --- Space (Art) --- Cinéma --- Communication visuelle. --- Illustrations, images, etc --- Kapitalismus. --- Kommerzialisierung. --- Semiotics. --- Sémiotique. --- Visual perception. --- Aspect économique. --- Philosophie. --- Economic aspects. --- Philosophy. --- Information. --- Économie du savoir. --- Motion pictures - Philosophy --- Motion pictures - Economic aspects

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Scientific advances and economic forces have converged to create something unthinkable for much of human history: a robust market in human body products. Every year, countless Americans supply blood, sperm, and breast milk to "banks" that store these products for later use by strangers in routine medical procedures. These exchanges entail complicated questions. Which body products are donated and which sold? Who gives and who receives? And, in the end, who profits? In this eye-opening study, Kara Swanson traces the history of body banks from the nineteenth-century experiments that discovered therapeutic uses for body products to twenty-first-century websites that facilitate a thriving global exchange. More than a metaphor, the "bank" has shaped ongoing controversies over body products as either marketable commodities or gifts donated to help others. A physician, Dr. Bernard Fantus, proposed a "bank" in 1937 to make blood available to all patients. Yet the bank metaphor labeled blood as something to be commercially bought and sold, not communally shared. As blood banks became a fixture of medicine after World War II, American doctors made them a frontline in their war against socialized medicine. The profit-making connotations of the "bank" reinforced a market-based understanding of supply and distribution, with unexpected consequences for all body products, from human eggs to kidneys. Ultimately, the bank metaphor straitjacketed legal codes and reinforced inequalities in medical care. By exploring its past, Banking on the Body charts the path to a more efficient and less exploitative distribution of the human body's life-giving potential.

Biological Specimen Banks --- Blood banks --- Breast milk --- History, 19th Century --- History, 20th Century --- History, 21st Century --- Kommerzialisierung. --- Körperflüssigkeit. --- Metaphor --- Sperm banks --- History. --- legislation & jurisprudence --- Economic aspects --- Collection and preservation --- USA. --- Semen banks --- Banked blood --- Blood transfusion service --- Blood transfusion services --- Germplasm resources, Animal --- Tissue banks --- Blood --- Bloodmobiles --- Transfusion --- Transportation --- 21st Cent. History (Medicine) --- 21st Cent. History of Medicine --- 21st Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 21st Century --- History of Medicine, 21st Cent. --- History, Twenty-first Century --- Medical History, 21st Cent. --- Medicine, 21st Cent. --- 21st Century History --- 21st Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 21st Cent. Medicines --- 21st Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 21st (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 21st (Medicine) --- Cent. Medicine, 21st --- Cent. Medicines, 21st --- Century Histories, 21st --- Century Histories, Twenty-first --- Century History, 21st --- Century History, Twenty-first --- Histories, 21st Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 21st Century --- Histories, Twenty-first Century --- History, 21st Cent. (Medicine) --- History, Twenty first Century --- Medicines, 21st Cent. --- Twenty-first Century Histories --- Twenty-first Century History --- 20th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 20th Cent. History of Medicine --- 20th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 20th Century --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent. --- History, Twentieth Century --- Medical History, 20th Cent. --- Medicine, 20th Cent. --- 20th Century History --- 20th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 20th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 20th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 20th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 20th --- Century Histories, Twentieth --- Century History, 20th --- Century History, Twentieth --- Histories, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 20th Century --- Histories, Twentieth Century --- History, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Twentieth Century Histories --- Twentieth Century History --- 19th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 19th Cent. History of Medicine --- 19th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 19th Century --- History of Medicine, 19th Cent. --- History, Nineteenth Century --- Medical History, 19th Cent. --- Medicine, 19th Cent. --- 19th Century History --- 19th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 19th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 19th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 19th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 19th --- Century Histories, Nineteenth --- Century History, 19th --- Century History, Nineteenth --- Histories, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 19th Century --- Histories, Nineteenth Century --- History, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Nineteenth Century Histories --- Nineteenth Century History --- Metaphors --- Breastmilk --- Human milk --- Milk, Human --- Mother's milk --- Milk --- Lactation --- History --- Collection and preservation&delete& --- history --- United States.