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Doelstelling: Wat zijn de motieven van de grootste donoren uit het bedrijfsleven aan de Amerikaanse verkiezingen van 2006? In welke mate zijn de grootste Amerikaanse politieke partijen afhankelijk van de bedrijven die hun verkiezingscampagnes sponsoren en wat is de invloed van deze donoren op de Amerikaanse politiek. Middelen of methode: De gegevens van het Center for Responsive Politics waren zeer belangrijk voor deze studie. De classificaties en de cijfers die door deze onafhankelijke organisatie verschaft worden zijn afkomstig van de U.S. Federal Elections Commission, een overheidsinstelling die controleert hoeveel Amerikaanse bedrijven uitgeven aan verkiezingscampagnes. Die rangschikking vormde de basis voor deze studie. Om de motieven van de grootste geldschieters uit het bedrijfsleven te achterhalen, moest een beroep gedaan worden op tal van bronnen. Enerzijds waren boeken en artikels nodig om een algemeen beeld te kunnen vormen. Anderzijds waren de bedrijven die behandeld werden in deze studie ook een bron van informatie, zowel wat hun politieke doelen betreft als die van hun belangrijkste concurrenten. Daarnaast moesten rapporten en wetteksten van het Amerikaanse Congres bestudeerd worden om de impact van wetswijzigingen op deze bedrijven in te schatten. Amerikaanse overheidsinstellingen zoals de Senaat, het Huis van Afgevaardigden en het Witte Huis beschikken allemaal over hun eigen databanken die alle wetsvoorstellen, wetten, rapporten van het Congres en rapporten voor het Congres bevatten. Deze studie kreeg haar uiteindelijke vorm door al deze bronnen samen te brengen en hun relevantie nauwkeurig af te wegen. Resultaten: De advocatensector, de arbeidssector en de communicatie/electronicasector steunen vooral de Democratische Partij, terwijl de Republikeinen gesteund worden door de bouwsector, de transportsector, de gezondheidssector, de energiesector, de financiële sector en de agro-industrie.De Republikeinen worden vooral gesteund door bedrijven uit de industriële sector, terwijl de Democratische Partij voornamelijk gesteund wordt door bedrijven uit de dienstensector. Bovendien wordt deze tweedeling nog versterkt doordat het net die bedrijfstakken zijn uit de dienstensector die de grootste belemmeringen vormen voor de sectoren die de Republikeinse ideologie genegen zijn. Relatief veel Amerikaanse politici zetelen in de bestuursraden van bedrijven. In sommige sectoren is deze vaststelling uitgesprokener dan in andere, maar de algemene conclusie is dat de invloed van deze politici in veel gevallen vrij groot is. Daarnaast moet worden opgemerkt dat lobbyen een heel belangrijke factor is binnen de Amerikaanse politiek. De bedragen die bedrijven hieraan besteden liggen algemeen veel hoger dan de sommen die ze schenken aan hun favoriete politieke partij en ook de invloed van de lobbyisten zelf is vaak erg groot.
Campaign contributions. --- Companies. --- Democrat. --- Elections. --- Financial support. --- Lobbying. --- Maatschappij en instellingen. --- MeSH. --- Politics. --- Republican. --- United States.
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Bioethical Issues. --- Biomedical Research --- Conflict of Interest --- Conflict of interests. --- Financial Support --- Health Policy. --- Medicine --- Ethics. --- Economics. --- Ethics. --- Research --- Finance --- Moral and ethical aspects.
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"The enactment of the America COMPETES Act in 2006 (and its reauthorization in 2010), the increase in research expenditures under the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), and President Obama's general emphasis on the contribution of science and technology to economic growth have all heightened interest in the role of scientific and engineering research in creating jobs, generating innovative technologies, spawning new industries, improving health, and producing other economic and societal benefits. Along with this interest has come a renewed emphasis on a question that has been asked for decades: Can the impacts and practical benefits of research to society be measured either quantitatively or qualitatively? On April 18-19, 2011, the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) and the Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy (COSEPUP) of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine, held a workshop to examine this question. The workshop sought to assemble the range of work that has been done in measuring research outcomes and to provide a forum to discuss its method. The workshop was motivated by a 2009 letter from Congressman Rush Holt (D-New Jersey). He asked the National Academies to look into a variety of complex and interconnected issues, such as the short-term and long-term economic and non-economic impact of federal research funding, factors that determine whether federally funded research discoveries result in economic benefits, and quantification of the impacts of research on national security, the environment, health, education, public welfare, and decision making. Measuring the impacts of federal investments in research provides the key observations and suggestions made by the speakers at the workshop and during the discussions that followed the formal presentations."--Publisher's description.
Federal aid to research - United States. --- Federal aid to research --- Science and state --- Education and state --- Financing, Organized --- Financial Support --- Economics --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Health Care --- Research Support as Topic --- Financing, Government --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Sciences - General
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This third edition of the classic ""how-to"" guide incorporates recent changes in policies and procedures of the NIH, with particular emphasis on the role of the Internet in the research proposal process. Completely revised and updated, it reveals the secrets of success used by seasoned investigators, and directs the reader through the maze of NIH bureaucracies. In addition to providing a detailed overview of the entire review process, the book also includes hundreds of tips on how to enhance proposals, excerpts from real proposals, and extensive Internet references. This book is essential to
Medicine. --- Medicine - Research grants - United States. --- Proposal writing in medicine. --- Proposal writing in medicine. Medicine--Research grants--United States. --- Research Support. --- Writing. --- Proposal writing in medicine --- Medicine --- Research Support as Topic --- Financing, Organized --- Writing --- Language Arts --- Economics --- Financial Support --- Language --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Communication --- Health Care --- Information Science --- Medical Research --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Research grants --- Authorship --- Medical writing --- Health Workforce
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Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Financial Support --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Financing, Organized --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Economics --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Health Care --- Financing, Government --- Technology --- Research Support as Topic --- Science --- Federal aid to research. --- Science. --- Technology. --- Endowment of research.
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Medicine --- Fund Raising --- Research Support as Topic --- Biomedical Research --- Voluntary Health Agencies --- Congresses --- Organization and Administration --- Methods --- Research --- Investigative Techniques --- Organizations, Nonprofit --- Health Services Administration --- Publication Formats --- Financial Management --- Financial Support --- Economics --- Organizations --- Publication Characteristics --- Health Care --- Science --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Medical Research --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Research.
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Brain --- Psychology --- Social sciences --- Medicine --- Interdisciplinary research --- Clinical Medicine --- Behavioral Sciences --- Social Medicine --- Research Support as Topic --- United States --- Financial Support --- North America --- Central Nervous System --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Health Occupations --- Nervous System --- Economics --- Americas --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Anatomy --- Geographic Locations --- Health Care --- Geographicals --- Neurology --- Clinical Psychology --- Psychiatry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Research
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Chemical engineering - Research - Economic aspects - Evaluation. --- Chemistry --- Chemical engineering --- Science --- Costs and Cost Analysis --- Financial Support --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Economics --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Health Care --- Cost-Benefit Analysis --- Research --- Research Support as Topic --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Chemistry - General --- Evaluation --- Economic aspects --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Engineering --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Physical sciences
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Engineering -- Research grants -- United States. --- Science -- Research grants -- United States. --- Science --- Engineering --- Research --- Financial Support --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Economics --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Health Care --- Research Support as Topic --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Sciences - General --- Research grants --- Government policy --- Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (National Science Foundation) --- Evaluation. --- United States.
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Biology - Research grants - United States. --- Medical research personnel --- Biology --- Research Support as Topic --- Biomedical Research --- Research Personnel --- United States Government Agencies --- Federal Government --- Occupational Groups --- Persons --- Financial Support --- Research --- Named Groups --- Government --- Economics --- Science --- Social Sciences --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Organizations --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Health Care --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Medical Research --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Research grants --- National Institutes of Health (U.S.) --- Research grants.
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