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Cut It Out examines the exponential increase in the United States of the most technological form of birth that exists: the cesarean section. While c-section births pose a higher risk of maternal death and medical complications, can have negative future reproductive consequences for the mother, increase the recovery time for mothers after birth, and cost almost twice as much as vaginal deliveries, the 2011 cesarean section rate of 33 percent is one of the highest recorded rates in U.S. history, and an increase of 50 percent over the past decade. Further, once a woman gives birth by c-section, her chances of having a vaginal delivery for future births drops dramatically. This decrease in vaginal births after cesarean sections (VBAC) is even more alarming: one third of hospitals and one half of physicians do not even allow a woman a trial of labor after a c-section, and 90 percent of women will go on to have the c-section surgery again for subsequent pregnancies. Of comparative developed countries, only Brazil and Italy have higher c-section rates; c-sections occur in only 19% of births in France, 17% of births in Japan, and 16% of births in Finland.How did this happen? Theresa Morris challenges most existing explanations of the unprecedented rise in c-section rates, which locate the cause of this trend in physicians practicing defensive medicine, women choosing c-sections for scheduling reasons, or women’s poor health and older ages. Morris’s explanation of the c-section epidemic is more complicated, taking into account the power and structure of legal, political, medical, and professional organizations; gendered ideas that devalue women; hospital organizational structures and protocols; and professional standards in the medical and insurance communities. She argues that there is a new culture within medicine that avoids risk or unpredictable outcomes and instead embraces planning and conservative choices, all in an effort to have perfect births. Based on 130 in-depth interviews with women who had just given birth, obstetricians, midwives, and labor and delivery nurses, as well as a careful examination of local and national level c-section rates, Cut It Out provides a comprehensive, riveting look at a little-known epidemic that greatly affects the lives, health, and families of each and every woman in America.

Women --- Surgical indications. --- Cesarean section --- Cesarean section. --- Health of women --- Health education of women --- Indications, Surgical --- Clinical indications --- Vaginal birth after cesarean --- Abdominal delivery --- C section --- Caesarean delivery --- Caesarean section --- Delivery, Abdominal --- Delivery, Caesarean --- Delivery (Obstetrics) --- Obstetrics --- Health and hygiene. --- Prevention. --- Hygiene --- Diseases --- Surgery

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"Not of woman born, the Fortunate, the Unborn"-the terms designating those born by Caesarean section in medieval and Renaissance Europe were mysterious and ambiguous. Examining representations of Caesarean birth in legend and art and tracing its history in medical writing, Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski addresses the web of religious, ethical, and cultural questions concerning abdominal delivery in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Not of Woman Born increases our understanding of the history of the medical profession, of medical iconography, and of ideas surrounding "unnatural" childbirth.Blumenfeld-Kosinski compares texts and visual images in order to trace the evolution of Caesarean birth as it was perceived by the main actors involved-pregnant women, medical practitioners, and artistic or literary interpreters. Bringing together medical treatises and texts as well as hitherto unexplored primary sources such as manuscript illuminations, she provides a fresh perspective on attitudes toward pregnancy and birth in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance; the meaning and consequences of medieval medicine for women as both patients and practitioners, and the professionalization of medicine. She discusses writings on Caesarean birth from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when Church Councils ordered midwives to perform the operation if a mother died during childbirth in order that the child might be baptized; to the fourteenth century, when the first medical text, Bernard of Gordon's Lilium medicinae, mentioned the operation; up to the gradual replacement of midwives by male surgeons in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Not of Woman Born offers the first close analysis of Frarnois Rousset's 1581 treatise on the operation as an example of sixteenth-century medical discourse. It also considers the ambiguous nature of Caesarean birth, drawing on accounts of such miraculous examples as the birth of the Antichrist. An appendix reviews the complex etymological history of the term "Caesarean section."Richly interdisciplinary, Not of Woman Born will enliven discussions of the controversial issues surrounding Caesarean delivery today. Medical, social, and cultural historians interested in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, historians, literary scholars, midwives, obstetricians, nurses, and others concerned with women's history will want to read it.

History of civilization --- anno 500-1499 --- Cesarean section in art --- Césarienne dans l'art --- Keizersnede in de kunst --- Cesarean Section --- Cesarean section --- Césarienne --- Illustration médicale --- -Cesarean section in art --- Abdominal delivery --- C section --- Caesarean delivery --- Caesarean section --- Delivery, Abdominal --- Delivery, Caesarean --- Delivery (Obstetrics) --- Illustration, Medical --- Cesarean section in art. --- Césarienne --- Césarienne dans l'art --- Illustration médicale --- Medicine in Art. --- Medical illustration --- -Renaissance --- Science in Art --- Art, Medicine in --- Art, Science in --- Arts, Medicine in --- Arts, Science in --- Medicine in Arts --- Science in Arts --- in Art, Medicine --- in Art, Science --- in Arts, Medicine --- in Arts, Science --- Renaissance --- Revival of letters --- history. --- psychology. --- History --- Europe. --- Northern Europe --- Southern Europe --- Western Europe --- Medicine in Art --- Civilization --- History, Modern --- Civilization, Medieval --- Civilization, Modern --- Humanism --- Middle Ages --- Obstetrics --- Art --- history --- psychology --- Surgery --- Medicine in the Arts. --- Renaissance. --- History. --- Civilisation médiévale --- Histoire --- Europe --- Civilization [Medieval ] --- Cesarean section - Europe - History. --- Medical illustration - History. --- Civilization, Medieval. --- Medicine in the Arts