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Remote control --- Remote control.

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In 1871 Japan sent a high-ranking delegation to the USA and Europe, to negotiate treaties and trading agreements and to investigate how it might modernise its political and economic institutions. Led by the Foreign Minister Prince Tomomi Iwakura, the 'embassy' of politicians, courtiers and officials travelled extensively around the USA for eight months, before spending a further year examining the British manufacturing industry, German armaments and French culture. The Iwakura Embassy helped change the course of Japanese history, for the official report of this journey, compiled by Prince Iwakura's personal secretary, the Confucian scholar Kunitake Kume, was to play a key role in Japan's transformation into a modern industrial nation. The report was translated into English in five large volumes in 2002. This carefully prepared abridgement makes it accessible to a wider range of scholars and students, and to all who are interested in the remarkable rise of modern Japan.

Kume, Kunitake, --- Kunitake, Kume, --- 久米邦武 --- Iwakura Shisetsudan (Japan) --- Japan. --- Iwakura Mission --- 岩倉使節団 (Japan) --- Europe --- United States --- Japan --- al-Yābān --- Giappone --- Government of Japan --- Iapōnia --- I︠A︡ponii︠a︡ --- Japam --- Japani --- Japão --- Japon --- Japonia --- Japonsko --- Japonya --- Jih-pen --- Mư̄ang Yīpun --- Nihon --- Nihon-koku --- Nihonkoku --- Nippon --- Nippon-koku --- Nipponkoku --- Prathēt Yīpun --- Riben --- State of Japan --- Yābān --- Yapan --- Yīpun --- Zhāpān --- Япония --- اليابان --- يابان --- 日本 --- 日本国 --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Description and travel. --- Foreign relations --- Description and travel --- Arts and Humanities --- History --- Jepun --- Yapon --- Yapon Ulus --- I︠A︡pon --- Япон --- I︠A︡pon Uls --- Япон Улс

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Théâtre avec quinze personnages: quinze femmes.

Intelligence artificielle --- Ordinateurs --- Atomatisme conscient --- Automates

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This paper reviews the reasons why domestic dogs make good models to investigate cognitive processes related to social living and describes experimental approaches that can be adopted to investigate such processes in dogs. Domestic dogs are suitable models for investigating social cognition skills for three broad reasons. First, dogs originated from wolves, social animals that engage in a number of co-operative behaviours, such as hunting and that may have evolved cognitive abilities that help them predict and interpret the actions of other animals. Second, during domestication dogs are likely to have been selected for mental adaptations for their roles in human society such as herding or companionship. Third, domestic dogs live in a human world and "enculturation" may facilitate the development of relevant mental skills in dogs. Studies of social cognition in animals commonly use experimental paradigms originally developed for pre-verbal human infants. Preferential gaze, for example, can be used as a measure of attention or "surprise" in studies using expectancy violation. This approach has been used to demonstrate simple numerical competence in dogs. Dogs also readily use both conspecific and human social signals (e.g. looking or pointing) as information sources to locate hidden rewards such as food or favourite toys. Such abilities make dogs particularly good models for investigating perspective-taking tasks, where animals are required to discriminate between apparently knowledgeable and apparently ignorant informants. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Ability. --- Adaptation. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Attention. --- Behavior. --- Behaviour. --- Boxes. --- Canine. --- Canis-familiaris. --- Canis. --- Children. --- Cognition. --- Cognitive-ability. --- Communicative signs. --- Comprehension. --- Conspecific. --- Counting. --- Development. --- Discriminate. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Domestic dog. --- Domestication. --- Food. --- Human infants. --- Human. --- Hunting. --- Infant. --- Information. --- Mind. --- Model. --- Models. --- Neocortex size. --- Object permanence. --- Paper. --- Perspective taking. --- Pigs. --- Primates. --- Review. --- Reward. --- Social cognition. --- Social. --- Task. --- Tasks. --- Theory of mind. --- Time. --- Toy. --- Toys. --- Wolf. --- Wolves.