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In almost every part of the world, minority languages are being threatened with extinction. At the same time, dedicated efforts are being made to document endangered languages, to maintain them, and even to revive once-extinct languages. The book presents a comprehensive overview of language endangerment and revitalization. Among the examined aspects are: degrees of endangerment, definitions of language death, causes of endangerment, types of speakers in endangerment situations, methods of documentation. The book is of interest to a wide readership, including linguists, anthropologists, sociologists, and educators.

Language revival. --- Compétence linguistique --- Perte --- Renouveau --- Compétence linguistique --- Language attrition --- Language renewal --- Language revitalization --- Renewal, Language --- Revitalization, Language --- Language death --- Obsolescence of languages --- Revival --- Obsolescence --- Language obsolescence --- Language revival --- Language and languages --- Restoration of languages --- Revival of languages --- Sociolinguistics --- Historical linguistics --- Endangered languages --- Extinct languages --- Language loss --- Bilingualism --- Restoration --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Language attrition. --- Language obsolescence. --- Langage et langues --- Disparition --- Preservation of endangered languages.

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This is a cross-linguistic exploration of the use of clause linkage markers in causal, conditional, and concessive sentences. Employing a five-level classification of clause linkage based on semantic and pragmatic grounds, it shows that, within individual languages different　markers　exhibit　different distributions on the five levels. Also, the rich evidence presented from seventeen languages from many parts of the world documents that these distributions present　commonalities　as well as differences　across the languages of the sample.

Grammar, Comparative and general --- Clauses --- Sentences --- Syntax --- E-books --- Adverbials --- Comparative linguistics --- Linguistics --- Philology

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This volume presents thirteen original papers dealing with various aspects of two related areas of research of major concern to linguists of all theoretical persuasions: voice and grammatical relations. The papers are written from typological, functional, and cognitive perspectives, and contain a number of general studies as well as studies focusing on specific issues, and offer a wealth of data from a broad range of languages. The volume provides up-to-date discussions of an array of issues of theoretical concern, including the nature of grammatical relations, voice in agent/patient systems, the expression vs. non-expression of participant roles, and personal vs. impersonal passives. The papers in the volume demonstrate that investigations into the nature of voice and grammatical relations can still yield fresh theoretical and typological insights.

Grammar, Comparative and general --- Grammatical categories. --- Voice. --- Grammar --- Festschrift - Libri Amicorum --- Voice (Grammar) --- Categories, Grammatical --- Grammatical categories --- Categorization (Linguistics) --- Componential analysis (Linguistics) --- Voice --- Major form classes --- Grammar [Comparative and general ] --- Grammar [Comparative ] --- Linguistics --- Philology