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This book investigates how bishops deployed reward and punishment to control their administrative subordinates in thirteenth-century England. Bishops had few effective avenues available to them for disciplining their clerks and rarely pursued them, preferring to secure their service and loyalty through rewards. The chief reward was the benefice, often granted for life. Episcopal administrators' security of tenure in these benefices, however, made them free agents, allowing them to transfer from diocese to diocese or even leave administration altogether; they did not constitute a standing episcopal civil service. This tenuous bureaucratic relationship made the personal relationship between bishop and clerk more important. Ultimately, many bishops communicated in terms of friendship with their administrators, who responded with expressions of devotion. Michael Burger's study brings together ecclesiastical, social, legal and cultural history, producing the first synoptic study of thirteenth-century English diocesan administration in decades. His research provides an ecclesiastical counterpoint to numerous studies of bastard feudalism in secular contexts.
Benefices, Ecclesiastical --- Church polity. --- Church discipline. --- Bénéfices ecclésiastiques --- Eglise --- History --- Histoire --- Gouvernement --- Discipline --- England --- Angleterre --- Church history --- Histoire religieuse --- -Church polity. --- 27 <420> "10/14" --- Discipline, Church --- Discipline, Ecclesiastical --- Ecclesiastical discipline --- Church polity --- Church benefices --- Ecclesiastical benefices --- Expectative graces --- Graces, Expectative --- Pluralism (Benefices) --- Church property --- Clergy --- Christian sects --- Christianity --- Church government --- Ecclesiastical polity --- Polity, Ecclesiastical --- Church --- Polity (Religion) --- History. --- Kerkgeschiedenis--Engeland--?"10/14" --- Salaries, etc. --- Government --- Polity --- -Benefices, Ecclesiastical --- Bénéfices ecclésiastiques --- Anglii︠a︡ --- Inghilterra --- Engeland --- Inglaterra --- Anglija --- England and Wales --- -Church polity --- Church discipline --- Arts and Humanities --- -Arts and Humanities
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Climate Change, Public Health, and the Law provides the first comprehensive explication of the dynamic interactions between climate change, public health law, and environmental law, both in the United States and internationally. Responding to climate change and achieving public health protections each require the coordination of the decisions and behavior of large numbers of people. However, they also involve interventions that risk compromising individual rights. The challenges involved in coordinating large-scale responses to public health threats and protecting against the invasion of rights, makes the law indispensable to both of these agendas. Written for the benefit of public health and environmental law professionals and policymakers in the United States and in the international public health sector, this volume focuses on the legal components of pursuing public health goals in the midst of a changing climate. It will help facilitate efforts to develop, improve, and carry out policy responses at the international, federal, state, and local levels.
Climatic changes --- Public health laws --- Public health laws, International. --- Human beings --- Human ecology --- Ecology --- Environment, Human --- Human environment --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- Homo sapiens --- Human race --- Humanity (Human beings) --- Humankind --- Humans --- Man --- Mankind --- People --- Hominids --- Persons --- International public health laws --- International sanitary regulations --- World health --- International law --- Climate change mitigation --- Environmental law --- Liability for climatic change damages --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Law and legislation --- Government policy --- Health aspects --- Law and legislation. --- Effects of environment on. --- Government policy. --- Social aspects --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- Environmental aspects --- Global environmental change
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