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Infectious diseases are associated with approximately 20% of global mortality, with viral diseases causing about one third of these deaths. Besides newly emerging and re-emerging viral infections will continue to pose a threat to human survival globally. In this case scientific advances have greatly been increased to defend against those pathogens. For example, rapid genomic sequencing, proteomics, epigenomics, nanotechnology, and other advanced tools are being applied to detect viruses at the point of care and to track their spread within human populations as well as to understand virus-host interaction and virus induced pathogenesis. From rapid identification of new viruses to prevention with vaccination and treatment with effective therapeutics, biomedical research has continuously provided tools to meet the constant threat of emerging viral pathogens. Despite these advances, each new disease brings unique challenges to scientists every year. So we must stay at the cutting edge of scientific discovery, working energetically to develop new tools to combat the ever-changing threats they pose. Our research topic highlights such advanced and new technology based virus research which definitely bolsters the researcher's ability to tackle emerging, re-emerging and stable viral pathogens. We are credulous that the papers including in the e-books will be beneficial to the experts in the field to understand the molecular, immunological, ecological and clinical aspects of the next generation researches for the prevention and control of infectious diseases caused by viruses.

virus-host interaction --- Nanobiosensor --- Technology --- Next generation --- diagnosis --- Re-emerging --- Proteomic analysis --- Virus research

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The influenza virus poses a threat to human health and is responsible for global epidemics every year. In addition to seasonal infections, influenza can cause occasional pandemics of great consequence when novel viruses are introduced into humans. Despite the implementation of comprehensive vaccination programs, influenza viruses continue to pose an important and unpredictable global public health threat. They are one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality each year and have a significant economic impact. In recent years, research has been conducted to find alternative approaches to influenza vaccine development, including the generation of universal vaccines. Notably, significant progress in the field of influenza infection, transmission, and immunity have contributed to our understanding of influenza biology, and to expanding the technological approaches for the generation of more efficient strategies against influenza infections. Moreover, highly remarkable developments have been made in the implementation of new methodologies to evaluate the efficiency of vaccines and improve them for use on domestic animals such as poultry, horses, dogs or pigs. This enables us to decrease the exposure of humans to potentially pandemic viruses. The articles in this Special Issue will address the importance of influenza to human health and the advances in influenza research that have led to the development of better therapeutics and vaccination strategies.

heterosubtypic immunity of influenza --- master donor virus --- imprinting --- hemagglutinin --- universal vaccines --- pandemic --- adaptive immunity --- pregnant women --- innate immunity --- antibodies --- Influenza vaccine --- ARDS --- influenza A virus --- humoral response --- influenza vaccine --- original antigenic sin “OAS” --- germinal centers --- immunogenicity --- lung --- epitopes --- Influenza virus --- single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) --- influenza virus --- protein microarray assay --- “universal” influenza vaccine --- vaccination --- influenza --- multiple dimensional assay (MDA) --- infection --- tissue resident --- memory --- vaccines --- CD4 T cell --- broad neutralizing antibody(bnAb) --- hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus --- original antigenic sin --- immune response --- morbidity --- T cell --- mPLEX-Flu assay --- Influenza A virus (IAV) --- virus–host interaction --- hemagglutin stalk --- memory B cells --- vaccine safety --- protection efficacy --- live attenuated influenza vaccine --- pediatrics --- vaccination rate

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This volume discusses the interactions between viruses and their host cells, and explores the roles of host and viral genes and non-coding RNAs in the virus replication cycle. During infection, viruses express a variety of genes, encoding proteins and RNAs that serve to subjugate the cell – by redirecting cellular processes to support viral replication and, at the same time, by mitigating the cellular response to infection. In this book, experts discuss these interactions in depth, and elaborate on our current understanding of virus-cell interactions for a diverse range of viruses, including positive and negative sense RNA viruses, DNA viruses, and a vector-borne virus. The roles of non-coding RNAs are also discussed. While each class of viruses has distinct replication requirements, this volume reveals unique features and commonalities in viral replication cycles. Accordingly, it represents a valuable source of information for researchers and clinicians alike.

Viral genetics --- Virus genetics --- Viruses --- Microbial genetics --- Mathematical models. --- Genetics --- Medical virology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Virology. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- RNA, Untranslated --- Virus Replication --- Host Microbial Interactions --- Virus Diseases --- genetics --- Bacteria Host Interactions --- Bacterial-Host Interactions --- Bacterium-Host Interactions --- Host Bacteria Interactions --- Host Microbe Interactions --- Host Microbiota Interactions --- Host Virus Interactions --- Host-Fungal Interactions --- Host-Microbial Interface --- Microbe Host Interactions --- Microbial Host Interactions --- Microbiota Host Interactions --- Viral-Host Interactions --- Virus Host Interactions --- Bacteria Host Interaction --- Bacterial Host Interactions --- Bacterial-Host Interaction --- Bacterium Host Interactions --- Bacterium-Host Interaction --- Host Bacteria Interaction --- Host Fungal Interactions --- Host Microbe Interaction --- Host Microbial Interaction --- Host Microbial Interface --- Host Microbiota Interaction --- Host Virus Interaction --- Host-Fungal Interaction --- Host-Microbial Interfaces --- Microbe Host Interaction --- Microbial Host Interaction --- Microbiota Host Interaction --- Viral Host Interactions --- Viral-Host Interaction --- Virus Host Interaction --- Noncoding RNA --- RNA, Non-Coding --- RNA, Non-Peptide-Coding --- RNA, Non-Protein-Coding --- RNA, Noncoding --- RNA, Nontranslated --- npcRNA --- Non-Coding RNA --- Non-Peptide-Coding RNA --- Non-Protein-Coding RNA --- Nontranslated RNA --- RNA, Non Coding --- RNA, Non Peptide Coding --- RNA, Non Protein Coding --- Untranslated RNA --- Infectious diseases. --- Microbiology

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Viruses exhibit an elegant simplicity as they are so basic, but so frightening. Although only a few are life threatening, they have substantial implications for human health and the economy, as exemplified by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Viruses are rather small infectious agents found in all types of life forms, from animals and plants to prokaryotes and archaebacteria. They are obligate intracellular parasites, and as such, subvert many molecular and cellular processes of the host cell to ensure their own replication, amplification, and subsequent spread. This Special Issue addresses the cell biology of viral infections based on a collection of original research articles, communications, opinions, and reviews on various aspects of virus–host cell interactions. Together, these articles not only provide a glance into the latest research on the cell biology of viral infections but also include novel technological developments.

ectoderm --- mesoderm --- human development --- embryogenesis --- interferon response --- interferon-induced genes --- self-organizing map (SOM) data portrayal --- epigenetic signature --- embryoid body --- TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin pathway --- interferon --- tumor necrosis factor --- STAT --- interferon regulatory factor --- antiviral --- autoimmunity --- inflammation --- hepatitis C virus --- HCV --- erlin-1 --- erlin-2 --- host factor --- endoplasmic reticulum --- RNA replication --- protein production --- virus production --- lipid droplet --- TAP-GFP --- fluorescent TAP platform --- antigen presentation --- MHC I --- immune evasion --- BoHV-1 UL49.5 --- virus --- calcium channels --- calcium pumps --- virus–host interaction --- Ebola virus --- filovirus --- inclusion bodies --- NXF1 --- liquid organelles --- mRNA export --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncolytic virus --- herpes simplex virus --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- angiogenesis inhibitor --- rabies --- uDISCO --- 3D imaging --- rabies pathogenicity --- astrocyte infection --- metabolism --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- HIV-1 spread --- cell-free infection --- cell–cell transmission --- 3D cultures --- mathematical modeling --- environmental restriction --- CAD --- pyrimidine synthesis --- HEV --- particle production --- viral replication --- virus entry --- hantavirus --- Tula virus --- replication --- factory --- RNA synthesis --- Golgi --- stress granules --- actin cytoskeleton --- nucleocapsid transport --- Arp2/3 complex --- ERAP2 --- ERAP2/Iso3 --- microbial infections --- alternative splicing --- SARS-CoV-2 --- host cell response --- coronavirus --- MERS-CoV --- SARS-CoV --- sialic acid --- Siglec --- antiviral peptide --- enveloped viruses --- membrane phosphatidylserine --- envelope disruption --- membrane damage --- antiviral autophagy --- galectin --- bacterial invasion --- adenovirus --- lysophagy --- ESCRT machinery --- cedar virus --- henipavirus --- fusion protein --- endocytosis --- biological activity --- feline coronavirus --- feline enteric coronavirus --- FECV --- feline infectious peritonitis virus --- FIPV --- feline intestinal organoids --- alphaviruses --- cell death --- mosquito --- tolerance