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There are only few major key functions that lie beneath the fundamental architecture of metabolism and life. These are multiplication, variation and heredity. Only if these factors interact synergistically can Darwinian selection power the evolution of biodiversity. Transposable elements have always played a major role in this process. The genomes of all organisms consist of chromosomes that are built up of double-stranded nucleic acid chains on whose stability and integrity the existence of cells depend. While DNA repair warrants the chemical integrity of DNA and protects it from metabolic and environmental mutagens, meiotic recombination and transposable element activity appear to counteract the molecular guardians of genome stability. Transposable elements and their kind often make up the bulk of genomic DNA, often approaching 50% of the genome. By contrast, the classic genes represent as little as 1.8% of genomic DNA, in case of the human genome. This volume gives an overview on mobile DNA and how such contradiction to the obligatory stability of genomes can be understood. Obviously, an understanding can only be achieved by cutting deeply into the evolutionary history of life along with the evolution of transposable elements and dynamic genomes. This book therefore also celebrates Charles Darwin’s 200th birthday. The reader is challenged to view the role of movable DNA along historical roots from the levels of cells to populations to biological species integrating the accompanying molecular evolution of host, cell and genome interaction. One will witness even the reactivation of a long since dead, fossil transposable element and the infection of germline cells by the first established, mobile and endogenous insect retrovirus.

Genomes --Stability. --- Genomes. --- Molecular dynamics. --- Transposons. --- Transposons --- Genomes --- Molecular dynamics --- DNA Transposable Elements --- Interspersed Repetitive Sequences --- DNA --- Genome Components --- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid --- Nucleic Acids --- Base Sequence --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- Genome --- Genetic Structures --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Molecular Structure --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Genetic Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Chemical Phenomena --- Biochemistry --- Genetics --- Biology - General --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Stability --- Molecular genetics. --- Tn elements --- Transposable elements --- Life sciences. --- Human genetics. --- Biochemistry. --- Cell biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Cell Biology. --- Human Genetics. --- Mobile genetic elements --- Molecular biology --- Cytology. --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition

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Many biodegradation pathways, both aerobic and anaerobic, have already been characterised, and the phylogenetic relationships among catabolic genes within them have been studied. However, new biodegradation activities and their coding genes are continuously being reported, including those involved in the catabolism of emerging contaminants and those generally regarded as non-biodegradable. Gene regulation is also an important issue for the efficient biodegradation of contaminants. Specific induction by the substrate and over-imposed global regulatory networks adjust the expression of the biodegradation genes to meet bacterial physiological needs. New biodegradation pathways can be assembled in a particular strain or in a bacterial consortium by recruiting biodegradation genes from different origins through horizontal gene transfer. The abundance and diversity of biodegradation genes, analysed by either genomic or metagenomic approaches, constitute valuable indicators of the biodegradation potential of a particular environmental niche. This knowledge paves the way to systems metabolic engineering approaches to valorise biowaste for the production of value-added products.

tetralin --- Sphingopyxis granuli strain TFA --- Rhodococcus sp. strain TFB --- redox proteins --- carbon catabolite repression --- plastics --- biodegradation --- sustainability --- upcycling --- biotransformations --- polyethylene terephthalate --- terephthalate --- ethylene glycol --- biphenyl --- bph gene --- integrative conjugative element --- genome sequence --- LysR --- transcription factor --- Acinetobacter --- LTTR --- benzoate --- muconate --- synergism --- biosensor --- naphthalene --- toluene --- hydrocarbons --- plant growth promotion --- bioremediation --- Pseudomonas --- soil pollution --- phytoremediation --- rhizoremediation --- diesel --- bacteria --- consortium --- metagenomics --- PAHs --- TPH --- regulation --- anaerobic --- Azoarcus --- promoter architecture --- bioethanol --- furfural --- ALE --- AraC --- sterols --- bile acids --- steroid hormones --- 9,10-seco pathway --- 4,5-seco pathway --- 2,3-seco pathway --- xenobiotics --- Carbaryl --- horizontal gene transfer --- mobile genetic elements --- transposons --- integrative conjugative elements --- pathway assembly --- evolution --- Sphingopyxis lindanitolerans --- pesticide --- complete genome sequence --- pangenome --- γ-HCH degradation --- lin genes --- testosterone --- steroid --- catabolism --- transcriptomic --- valorisation --- catabolic pathway --- mobile DNA --- anaerobic biodegradation --- gene regulation