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Most wars between countries end quickly and at relatively low cost. The few in which high-intensity fighting continues for years bring about a disproportionate amount of death and suffering. What separates these few unusually long and intense wars from the many conflicts that are far less destructive? In Logics of War, Alex Weisiger tests three explanations for a nation's decision to go to war and continue fighting regardless of the costs. He combines sharp statistical analysis of interstate wars over the past two centuries with nine narrative case studies. He examines both well-known conflicts like World War II and the Persian Gulf War, as well as unfamiliar ones such as the 1864-1870 Paraguayan War (or the War of the Triple Alliance), which proportionally caused more deaths than any other war in modern history. When leaders go to war expecting easy victory, events usually correct their misperceptions quickly and with fairly low casualties, thereby setting the stage for a negotiated agreement. A second explanation involves motives born of domestic politics; as war becomes more intense, however, leaders are increasingly constrained in their ability to continue the fighting. Particularly destructive wars instead arise from mistrust of an opponent's intentions. Countries that launch preventive wars to forestall expected decline tend to have particularly ambitious war aims that they hold to even when fighting goes poorly. Moreover, in some cases, their opponents interpret the preventive attack as evidence of a dispositional commitment to aggression, resulting in the rejection of any form of negotiation and a demand for unconditional surrender. Weisiger's treatment of a topic of central concern to scholars of major wars will also be read with great interest by military historians, political psychologists, and sociologists.

War --- Limited war. --- Low-intensity conflicts (Military science) --- Total war. --- Causes. --- Military policy --- Strategy --- Conflicts, Low-intensity (Military science) --- Low-intensity operations (Military science) --- Low-level conflicts (Military science) --- Operations, Low-intensity (Military science) --- Small wars --- Wars, Small --- Limited war --- Tactical nuclear weapons --- Causes of war

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This volume presents the results of a fifth and final conference on the history of total war. It is devoted to the Second World War, which many scholars regard as the paradigmatic instance of total war. In considering the validity of this proposition, the authors address a broad range of analytical problems that this vast conflict posed in the arenas of Europe and Asia. They analyze modes of combat, war aims, the mobilization of economies and societies, occupation regimes, the vulnerability of noncombatants, and the legal and moral issues raised by the industrialized warfare of the mid-twentieth century. The volume will be of interest to all students of war and society in the modern era.

Deuxième Guerre mondiale --- Guerre mondiale (2e), 1939-1945 --- Guerre mondiale II --- Seconde Guerre mondiale --- W.O. II --- WO 2 --- WO II --- WW 2 --- Wereldoorlog (2de), 1939-1945 --- Wereldoorlog II --- World War II --- World War [second ] --- World War, 1939-1945 --- World War, 1939-1945. --- Total war. --- 2ème guerre mondiale --- Guerre totale --- 2ème guerre mondiale --- Military policy --- Strategy --- War --- European War, 1939-1945 --- Second World War, 1939-1945 --- World War 2, 1939-1945 --- World War II, 1939-1945 --- World War Two, 1939-1945 --- WW II (World War, 1939-1945) --- WWII (World War, 1939-1945) --- History, Modern --- Arts and Humanities --- History

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During and especially after the Second World War, a group of leading scholars who had been perilously close to the war's devastation joined others fortunate enough to have been protected by distance in an effort to redefine and reinvigorate Western liberal ideals for a radically new age. Treating evil as an analytical category, they sought to discover the sources of twentieth-century horror and the potentialities of the modern state in the wake of western desolation. In the process, they devised strikingly new ways to understand politics, sociology and history that reverberate still. In this major intellectual history, Ira Katznelson examines the works of Hannah Arendt, Robert Dahl, Richard Hofstadter, Harold Lasswell, Charles Lindblom, Karl Polanyi, and David Truman, detailing their engagement with the larger project of reclaiming the West's moral bearing. In light of their epoch's calamities these intellectuals insisted that the tradition of Enlightenment thought required a new realism, a good deal of renovation, and much recommitment. This array of historians, political philosophers, and social scientists understood that a simple reassertion of liberal modernism had been made radically insufficient by the enormities and moral catastrophes of war, totalitarianism, and holocaust. Confronting their period's dashed hopes for reason and knowledge, they asked not just whether the Enlightenment should define modernity, but which Enlightenment we should wish to have. Decades later, in the midst of a new type of war and reanimated discussions of the concept of evil, we share no small stake in assessing their successes and limitations.

Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945). --- Human behavior --- International relations --- Jews --- Political psychology. --- Political science --- Political sociology. --- Total war. --- War (Philosophy). --- World politics --- Philosophy. --- Public opinion --- History. --- Human behavior -- Philosophy. --- Coexistence (World politics) --- War (Philosophy) --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Military policy --- Strategy --- War --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Catastrophe, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Destruction of the Jews (1939-1945) --- Extermination, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Holocaust, Nazi --- Ḥurban (1939-1945) --- Ḥurbn (1939-1945) --- Jewish Catastrophe (1939-1945) --- Jewish Holocaust (1939-1945) --- Nazi Holocaust --- Nazi persecution of Jews --- Shoʾah (1939-1945) --- Genocide --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Kindertransports (Rescue operations) --- Peaceful coexistence --- Philosophy --- Mass political behavior --- Political behavior --- Sociology --- Politics, Practical --- Psychology, Political --- Psychology --- Social psychology --- Action, Human --- Behavior, Human --- Ethology --- Human action --- Human beings --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Social sciences --- Psychology, Comparative --- Political philosophy --- Nazi persecution --- Persecutions --- Atrocities --- Jewish resistance --- Sociological aspects --- Psychological aspects --- Behavior --- Holocaust, Nazi (Jewish Holocaust) --- Nazi Holocaust (Jewish Holocaust) --- Nazi persecution (1939-1945)

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At the height of the Cold War, the U.S. government enlisted the aid of a select group of psychologists, sociologists, and political scientists to blueprint enemy behavior. Not only did these academics bring sophisticated concepts to what became a project of demonizing communist societies, but they influenced decision-making in the map rooms, prison camps, and battlefields of the Korean War and in Vietnam. With verve and insight, Ron Robin tells the intriguing story of the rise of behavioral scientists in government and how their potentially dangerous, "American" assumptions about human behavior would shape U.S. views of domestic disturbances and insurgencies in Third World countries for decades to come. Based at government-funded think tanks, the experts devised provocative solutions for key Cold War dilemmas, including psychological warfare projects, negotiation strategies during the Korean armistice, and morale studies in the Vietnam era. Robin examines factors that shaped the scientists' thinking and explores their psycho-cultural and rational choice explanations for enemy behavior. He reveals how the academics' intolerance for complexity ultimately reduced the nation's adversaries to borderline psychotics, ignored revolutionary social shifts in post-World War II Asia, and promoted the notion of a maniacal threat facing the United States. Putting the issue of scientific validity aside, Robin presents the first extensive analysis of the intellectual underpinnings of Cold War behavioral sciences in a book that will be indispensable reading for anyone interested in the era and its legacy.

Intellectuals --- Research institutes --- Cold War --- Institutes, Research --- Research centers --- Think tanks --- Universities and colleges --- Learned institutions and societies --- Intelligentsia --- Persons --- Social classes --- Specialists --- Political activity --- History --- Social aspects --- Asia --- United States --- Foreign relations --- Intellectual life --- Aftermath of World War II. --- Aggression. --- Anti-Americanism. --- Anti-capitalism. --- Anti-communism. --- Anti-individualism. --- Anti-intellectualism. --- Antipathy. --- Aphorism. --- Armistice. --- Authoritarianism. --- Behavioralism. --- Behavioural sciences. --- Bernard Brodie (military strategist). --- Carpet bombing. --- Clash of Civilizations. --- Cold War. --- Communism. --- Communist International. --- Communist propaganda. --- Conventional warfare. --- Counter-insurgency. --- Counter-revolutionary. --- Counter-terrorism. --- Creation myth. --- Criticism. --- Culture war. --- Decolonization. --- Defection. --- Demoralization (warfare). --- Deterrence theory. --- Disarmament. --- Disenchantment. --- Distrust. --- Espionage. --- Explanation. --- Foreign policy. --- Global catastrophic risk. --- Ideology. --- Incest. --- Indoctrination. --- Insurgency. --- Isolationism. --- Korean War. --- Korean conflict. --- Loss of China. --- Militarism. --- Militarization. --- Mind control. --- Modernization theory. --- Narcissism. --- National security. --- Nazi Germany. --- Nazism. --- North Korean defectors. --- Nuclear strategy. --- Nuclear warfare. --- On Aggression. --- On Thermonuclear War. --- Oppression. --- Persecution. --- Political apathy. --- Political censorship. --- Political commissar. --- Political science. --- Politics. --- Prisoner of war. --- Propaganda. --- Proxy war. --- Psychoanalysis. --- Psychological warfare. --- RAND Corporation. --- Racism. --- Radicalization. --- Reprisal. --- Result. --- Science. --- Scientism. --- Separatism. --- Social science. --- Society of the United States. --- Sociology. --- Sovietization. --- Strategic bombing. --- Subversion. --- The Authoritarian Personality. --- The Wehrmacht (documentary). --- Total war. --- Totalitarianism. --- Un-American. --- Viet Cong. --- War economy. --- War effort. --- War of ideas. --- War. --- Warfare. --- Wars of national liberation. --- Weapon of mass destruction. --- World War II. --- World communism.

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War girls reveals the fascinating story of the British women who volunteered for service in the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY) during the Great War. Examining their experiences on the Western Front with the Belgian, British and French armies, this book shows how the FANY worked as nurses and ambulance driver-mechanics, inspiring stories of female heroism and solidarity. The FANY created skilled gendered performances against the cultural myths of the time, and in concert with their emerging legend. Coming from privileged backgrounds, they drew upon and subverted traditional arrangements, crafting new and unconventional identities for themselves.The author shares the stories of the FANY - a fascinating, quirky and audacious group of women - and illustrates the ways the Great War subverted existing gender arrangements. It will make fascinating reading for those working in the field of gender and war, as well as those who wish to find out more about this remarkable group of women.

World War I --- Voluntary Workers --- Military Nursing --- History, 20th Century --- History of Nursing --- Nurses --- World War, 1914-1918 --- European War, 1914-1918 --- First World War, 1914-1918 --- Great War, 1914-1918 --- World War 1, 1914-1918 --- World War I, 1914-1918 --- World War One, 1914-1918 --- WW I (World War, 1914-1918) --- WWI (World War, 1914-1918) --- History, Modern --- Nurses and nursing --- Registered nurses --- RNs (Registered nurses) --- Medical personnel --- Medicine, Military --- Nursing --- history --- Participation, Female. --- Medical care --- First Aid Nursing Yeomanry. --- F.A.N.Y. --- FANY --- Women's Transport Service (F.A.N.Y.) --- World War I. --- Volunteers --- History, 20th Century. --- History of Nursing. --- Nurses. --- Nursing Personnel --- Personnel, Nursing --- Registered Nurses --- Nurse --- Nurse, Registered --- Nurses, Registered --- Registered Nurse --- Nursing, History --- History Nursing --- Nursing History --- Nursing Care --- 20th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 20th Cent. History of Medicine --- 20th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 20th Century --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent. --- History, Twentieth Century --- Medical History, 20th Cent. --- Medicine, 20th Cent. --- 20th Century History --- 20th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 20th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 20th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 20th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 20th --- Century Histories, Twentieth --- Century History, 20th --- Century History, Twentieth --- Histories, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 20th Century --- Histories, Twentieth Century --- History, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Twentieth Century Histories --- Twentieth Century History --- 1st World War --- First World War --- Great War --- 1914-1918 World War --- 1st World Wars --- First World Wars --- Great Wars --- War, 1st World --- War, First World --- War, Great --- Wars, 1914-1918 World --- Wars, 1st World --- Wars, First World --- Wars, Great --- World War, 1914 1918 --- World War, 1st --- World War, First --- World Wars, 1914-1918 --- World Wars, 1st --- World Wars, First --- history. --- United Kingdom. --- Great Britain --- Isle of Man --- comradeship. --- coping behaviours. --- cultural mythologies. --- female autonomy. --- female independence. --- genteel femininity. --- masculine authority. --- military heroism. --- military organizations. --- total war. --- transgression. --- wartime service.