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Beyond being the most important natural compound source, actinomycetes are the origin of up to two-thirds of all clinically used antibiotics. Currently, new antimicrobials are urgently needed, as infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens are on the rise. In the identification of new antibiotics, many scientists are currently investigating biosynthetic aspects of antibiotic production in actinomycetes. Since the emergence of next-generation sequencing technologies, the field of antibiotics research has experienced a remarkable revival. These bacteria have the potential to produce more antibiotics than previously thought possible. Some antibiotics are produced in standard media, while others require the presence of a specific signaling molecule in the medium. Others, however, are only produced when the native regulation of the biosynthesis gene cluster is overruled. This book covers topics in the field of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes. The following tops are addressed: - Approaches to access novel antibiotic producers for novel natural compounds - Omics and genome mining approaches for the discovery of novel natural compounds - Analyses and genetic engineering of antibiotic biosynthesis - Regulation of the secondary metabolism in actinomycetes

Streptomyces --- biogeography --- comparative genomics --- diversification --- secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters --- SMGC --- natural products --- streptomyces --- rishirilide --- biosynthesis --- polyketides --- polynucleotide phosphorylase --- ribonuclease --- regulation --- promoter --- RNA decay --- polyadenylation --- (p)ppGpp --- antibiotic --- antibiotics --- geomicrobiology --- Illumina sequencing --- microbiome diversity --- Actinobacteria --- Cave microbiology --- secondary metabolite --- rare Actinobacteria --- Amycolatopsis --- unculturability --- siderophore --- glycopeptide antibiotics --- dbv cluster --- regulatory genes --- StrR --- LAL --- LuxR solo --- dalbavancin --- A40926 --- Streptomyces lividans --- secretion pathways --- secretory proteins --- signal peptides --- actinomycetes --- teicoplanin --- van resistance genes --- Streptomyces tsukubaensis --- tacrolimus --- FK506 --- omics --- screening --- secondary metabolism --- differentiation --- elicitors --- morphology --- liquid cultures --- metagenomics --- rare actinomycetes --- dereplication --- metabolomics --- genome mining --- secondary metabolites --- novel compounds --- physicochemical screening --- physical and chemical properties --- structural diversity --- biological activity --- Actinoallomurus --- antibiotics polyethers --- lysolipin --- minimal PKS II --- cyclases --- benz[a]naphthacene quinone --- tridecaketide --- aromatic polyketide --- pentacyclic angular polyphenol --- extended polyketide chain --- actinobacteria --- β-lactamase --- resistance --- β-lactamase inhibitor --- polyketide synthases --- acyltransferases --- engineering --- new bioactive compounds --- symbiosis --- drug discovery --- chemical ecology --- culture-based approaches --- strain --- specialized metabolites --- biosynthetic gene cluster --- n/a

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Bacterial infections cause millions of deaths globally, particularly in children and the elderly, and four of the 10 leading causes of death are infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries. The continuous use of antibiotics has resulted in multi-resistant bacterial strains all over the world, such as Community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and, as expected, hospitals have become breeding grounds for human-associated microorganisms, especially in critical care units.

actinomycetes --- antibiotic biosynthesis --- silent biosynthetic pathways --- γ-butyrolactones --- HiTES --- translation inhibitors --- marine actinobacteria --- Streptomyces sp. --- enzyme inhibition --- antimicrobial --- antioxidant --- cytotoxicity --- GC-MS --- pyrrolopyrazines --- myxobacteria --- antivirals --- secondary metabolites --- HIV --- Ebola --- hepatitis viruses --- diversity --- uncultured --- new antibiotics --- Streptomyces --- polyketides --- secondary metabolite --- polyketide synthases (PKSs)

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Cancer remains one of the most significant threats to human health and one of the deadliest diseases worldwide, making it crucial to develop new drugs. Over the last few decades, natural products have become one of the key drivers in the development of innovative cancer treatments. Despite drug development from terrestrial resources, the marine environment only recently emerged as a prolific source of unparalleled structurally active metabolites. Due to their excellent scaffold diversity, structural complexity, and ability to act on multiple cell signaling networks involved in carcinogenesis, marine natural products (MNPs) are ideal candidates to inspire the development of novel anticancer medicines. This book gathers nine publications of the Special Issue "Marine Natural Products as Anticancer Agents," providing an excellent overview of the chemical richness offered by marine organisms, such as sponges, myxobacteria, fungi, and soft corals. MNPs or derived products belong to distinct chemical classes, including terpenoids, alkaloids, cyclodepsipeptides, polyketides, and hydroxyphenylacetic acid derivatives. These compounds modulate cancer cell mechanisms in in vitro and in vivo models, exhibiting high specificity and great affinity to interact with biological targets linked to specific intracellular signaling pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress induction, apoptosis, inflammation, migration, and invasion. This volume provides an exciting overview of marine natural products as potential therapeutic agents for cancer treatment.

alga --- marine-derived fungus --- Penicillium chrysogenum --- polyketide --- hydroxyphenylacetic acid --- cytotoxicity --- flaccidoxide-13-acetate --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- invasion --- migration --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- prostate cancer --- astaxanthin --- STAT3 --- proliferation --- colony formation --- apoptosis --- Sarcophyton digitatum --- biscembranoid-type metabolites --- inflammatory factor production --- LPS-stimulated murine macrophage --- Ehlich’s tumor --- P. purpurogenum --- antitumor --- meroterpenoids --- inflammation --- T47D --- BT20 --- pontin --- mutp53 --- cancer stem cells --- Oct4 --- Nanog --- siRNA --- secondary metabolites --- epigenome --- epigenetic signaling --- bioactive compounds --- cancer therapy --- marine species --- environment --- total synthesis --- natural product --- nannocystin --- anti-cancer --- gram-scale --- aplysinopsin analogs --- indole alkaloids --- marine source --- chronic myeloid leukemia --- BH3 mimetics --- n/a --- Ehlich's tumor