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Although the school class is highly relevant for the school organization of instruction, it is predominantly addressed in empirical school research as an explanandum. The sociality of the school class, on the other hand, has hardly been focused on as an empirical object of research. The aim of this paper is to address this desideratum by considering the school class as an object that is constituted in a variety of ways in different discourses. It also asks how classroom teachers construct the school class in everyday-based discourse and relate themselves to it. Different types of data are used to examine how which normative conceptions of school classes are produced in educational, programmatic, and everyday-based discourse. Contributions in scholarly and contemporary practice-instructional literature, as well as specially collected interviews with classroom teachers in secondary schools, serve as data materials. The interviews, as well as the idea for this study, were developed within the framework of the project on making school classes at the Department of Empirical Research on Teaching and School Development at the Institute of Educational Science at the University of Göttingen. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version).

Normativity (Ethics)

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This book critically examines philosophical naturalism, evaluates the prospects for naturalizing such normative properties as being a reason, and proposes a theory of action-explanation. This theory accommodates an explanatory role for both psychological properties, such as intention, and normative properties, such as having an obligation or being intrinsically good. The overall project requires distinguishing philosophical from methodological naturalism, arguing for the possibility of a scientifically informed epistemology that is not committed to the former, and freeing the theory of action-

Naturalism. --- Normativity (Ethics) --- Explanation.

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This book argues that we are directly responsible for our attitudes by considering how we blame each other for being irrational. It thereby connects the most recent research on responsibility and rationality in a unifying dialectic.

Normativity (Ethics) --- Rationalism.

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Normativity (Ethics) --- Ethical norms --- Normativeness (Ethics) --- Ethics

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"This book provides a new and wide-ranging study of law's normativity, examining conceptual, descriptive and empirical dimensions of this perennial philosophical issue. It also contains essays concerned with, among other issues, the relationship between semantic and legal normativity; methodological concerns pertaining to understanding normativity; normativity and legal interpretation; and normativity as it pertains to transnational law. The contributors come not only from the usual Anglo-American and Western European community of legal theorists, but also from Latin American and Eastern European communities, representing a diversity of perspectives and points of view - including essays from both analytic and continental methodologies. With this range of topics, the book will appeal to scholars in transnational law, legal sociology, normative legal philosophy concerned with problems of state legitimacy and practical rationality, as well as those working in general jurisprudence. It comprises a highly important contribution to the study of law's normativity."--Bloomsbury Publishing.

Law --- Normativity (Ethics) --- Social norms --- Philosophy