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One aspect of common sense reasoning is reasoning about normal cases, e.g. a physician will first try to interpret symptoms by a common disease, and will take more exotic possibilities only later into account. Such ""normality"" can be encoded, e.g. bya relation, where case A is considered more normal than case B. This gives a standard semantics or interpretation to nonmonotonic reasoning (a branch of common sense reasoning), or, more formally, to nonmonotonic logics. We consider in this book the repercussions such normality relations and similarconstructions have on the resulting nonm

Nonmonotonic reasoning. --- Algebraic logic. --- Semantics --- Modality (Logic) --- Mathematical models. --- Modal logic --- Logic --- Nonclassical mathematical logic --- Bisimulation --- Mathematical linguistics --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Reasoning

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Fuzzy systems --- Fuzzy sets --- Ensembles flous --- Systèmes flous --- Fuzzy sets. --- Mathematics. --- Périodiques. --- aggregation operations --- non-additive uncertainty theory --- possibility theory --- linguistic modelling --- numerical modeling fuzzy rule-based systems --- category theory --- topology --- data fusion --- interpolative reasoning --- non-monotonic reasoning --- logic programming --- constraint-di --- Systems, Fuzzy --- Sets, Fuzzy --- System analysis --- Fuzzy logic --- Fuzzy mathematics --- Set theory

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Belief revision theory and philosophy of science both aspire to shed light on the dynamics of knowledge – on how our view of the world changes (typically) in the light of new evidence. Yet these two areas of research have long seemed strangely detached from each other, as witnessed by the small number of cross-references and researchers working in both domains. One may speculate as to what has brought about this surprising, and perhaps unfortunate, state of affairs. One factor may be that while belief revision theory has traditionally been pursued in a bottom- up manner, focusing on the endeavors of single inquirers, philosophers of science, inspired by logical empiricism, have tended to be more interested in science as a multi-agent or agent-independent phenomenon.

Belief change. --- Science -- Philosophy. --- Science --- Belief change --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Philosophy & Religion --- Sciences - General --- Philosophy --- Nonmonotonic reasoning. --- Conditionals (Logic) --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Formalization (Philosophy) --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Conditional statements (Logic) --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Philosophy. --- Logic. --- Philosophy and science. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Form (Philosophy) --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Logic --- Methodology --- Psychology --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Reasoning --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Thought and thinking --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Science and philosophy

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This Festschrift volume, published in honor of Michael Gelfond on the occasion of his 65th birthday, contains a collection of papers written by his closest friends and colleagues. Several of these papers were presented during the Symposium on Constructive Mathematics in Computer Science, held in Lexington, KY, USA on October 25-26, 2010. The 27 scientific papers included in the book focus on answer set programming. The papers are organized in sections named “Foundations: ASP and Theories of LP, KR, and NMR”, “ASP and Dynamic Domains”, and “ASP – Applications and Tools”.

Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Information Technology --- Artificial Intelligence --- Logic programming. --- Expert systems (Computer science) --- Nonmonotonic reasoning. --- Gelfond, Michael. --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Knowledge-based systems (Computer science) --- Systems, Expert (Computer science) --- Computer science. --- Computer programming. --- Mathematical logic. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer Science. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Programming Techniques. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Computers --- Electronic computer programming --- Electronic digital computers --- Programming (Electronic computers) --- Coding theory --- Informatics --- Science --- Programming --- Reasoning --- Artificial intelligence --- Computer systems --- Soft computing --- Computer programming --- Artificial Intelligence.

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This volume contains the proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning (LPNMR 2009) held during 14-18 September in Potsdam. The special theme of LPNMR 2009 is Applications of Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning in general and Answer Set Programming (ASP) in particular. LPNMR 2009 aims at providing a comprehensive surrvey of the state ofo the art of ASP/LPNMR Applications. LPNMR 2009 received 75 submissions, of which 55 were technical ones, 8 original applications, 9 system description ones and 3 short papers. Out of these 25 technical, 4 original applications, 10 system description, and 13 short papers were accepted.

Logic programming --- Nonmonotonic reasoning --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Reasoning --- Artificial intelligence. --- Information theory. --- Computational complexity. --- Logic design. --- Computer science. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Discrete Mathematics. --- Theory of Computation. --- Discrete Mathematics in Computer Science. --- Logics and Meanings of Programs. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Informatics --- Science --- Design, Logic --- Design of logic systems --- Digital electronics --- Electronic circuit design --- Logic circuits --- Machine theory --- Switching theory --- Complexity, Computational --- Electronic data processing --- Communication theory --- Communication --- Cybernetics --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Logic machines --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Discrete mathematics. --- Computers. --- Computer science—Mathematics. --- Computer logic. --- Mathematical logic. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Computer science logic --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Discrete mathematical structures --- Mathematical structures, Discrete --- Structures, Discrete mathematical --- Numerical analysis