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Internal wave dynamics in lakes (and oceans) is an important physical component of geophysical fluid mechanics of ‘quiescent’ water bodies of the Globe. The formation of internal waves requires seasonal stratification of the water bodies and generation by (primarily) wind forces. Because they propagate in basins of variable depth, a generated wave field often experiences transformation from large basin-wide scales to smaller scales. As long as this fission is hydrodynamically stable, nothing dramatic will happen. However, if vertical density gradients and shearing of the horizontal currents in the metalimnion combine to a Richardson number sufficiently small (< ¼), the light epilimnion water mixes with the water of the hypolimnion, giving rise to vertical diffusion of substances into lower depths. This meromixis is chiefly responsible for the ventilation of the deeper waters and the homogenization of the water through the lake depth. These processes are mainly formed as a result of the physical conditions, but they play biologically an important role in the trophicational state of the lake.

Internal waves. --- Lakes. --- Internal waves --- Lakes --- Geography --- Physics --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Physical Geography --- Cosmic Physics --- Marine Science --- Lochs --- Boundary waves (Oceanography) --- Waves, Internal --- Earth sciences. --- Geophysics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Mechanics. --- Marine sciences. --- Freshwater. --- Earth Sciences. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Marine & Freshwater Sciences. --- Mathematical Physics. --- Bodies of water --- Ocean waves --- Physical geography. --- Marine Sciences. --- Classical Mechanics. --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Ocean sciences --- Aquatic sciences --- Physical mathematics --- Fresh waters --- Freshwater --- Freshwaters --- Inland water --- Inland waters --- Water --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Mathematics

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This book contains a comprehensive study of the internal ocean waves, which play a very important role in ocean physics providing mechanisms for ocean water mixing and circulation, as well as the transportation of gases, nutrients, and a very large number of marine organisms in the ocean body. In contrast to surface waves, the literature on internal waves is not so numerous, mainly due to the difficulties in experimental data collection and in the mathematical description of internal wave propagation. In this book, the basic mathematical principles, a physical description of the observed phenomena, and practical theoretical methods of determination of wave parameters as well as the original method of observation using moving sensors are presented. Special attention is paid to internal wave propagation  over changing bottom topographies in shallow seas such as the Baltic Sea. The book is supplemented with an extended list of relevant and extended bibliographies, a subject index, and an author index.

Earth Sciences. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Geophysics and Environmental Physics. --- Oceanography. --- Geography. --- Physical geography. --- Géographie --- Géographie physique --- Océanographie --- Gravity waves. --- Internal waves. --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Cosmic Physics --- Boundary waves (Oceanography) --- Waves, Internal --- Earth sciences. --- Geophysics. --- Hydrodynamics --- Waves --- Ocean waves --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Geography --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics

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Physical processes are keys for the status of a lake. In this Special Issue, the emphasis is on dissolved oxygen and on exchange of gases, energy and momentum between atmosphere and further mixing and consumption within the water. The studies presented relate to ice-free as well as ice-covered lakes. Field measurements are combined with theoretical approaches.

hydrodynamic model --- bubble plume --- artificial mixing --- GLM --- Si3D --- dissolved gas --- Henry law --- total gas pressure --- ebullition --- greenhouse gases --- lacustrine waters --- diurnal variation --- hourly model --- water temperature --- dissolved oxygen --- shallow lakes --- and sediment heat flux --- water quality --- chlorophyll-a --- phosphorus --- phosphorus release --- full set of turbulent stresses --- Acoustic Doppler current profilers --- interbeam velocity correlations --- ice-covered lakes --- convectively-mixed layer --- anisotropic turbulence --- shallow lake --- ice-covered period --- ice phenology --- snow-ice cover thickness --- under-ice irradiance --- radiatively driven convection --- climate change --- 3D modelling --- stratification --- bubble plumes --- fractal --- lakes --- mixing --- multi-scale --- turbulence --- energy fluxes --- energy content --- reservoirs --- internal waves --- surface waves --- biogenic turbulence

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Around 10% of the global population lives in the world’s coastal zones, mostly concentrated in the world’s largest megacities. In many regions, the population is exposed to a variety of natural hazards and space-based observations. This Special Issue will focus on the usage of remote sensing alone or in synergy with in situ measurments and modeling tools to provide precise and systematic information about processes acting in the world’s coastal zones.

ACOLITE --- coastal waters --- atmospheric correction --- time-series --- management --- Sentinel-2 --- radon transform --- remote sensing --- bathymetry inversion --- multi-scale monitoring --- image augmentation --- phytoplankton remote sensing --- coastal ocean --- red tides --- black pixel assumption --- satellite --- sediment transport --- coastal geomorphology --- ocean color --- GOCI --- VIIRS --- turbid waters --- satellite-derived bathymetry --- Copernicus programme --- multi-temporal approach --- lidar --- turbidity --- coastal upwelling --- wind forcing --- river plume --- MODIS --- Arctic Ocean --- hurricanes --- water quality --- Puerto Rico --- harmful algal blooms --- Chattonella spp. --- Skeletonema spp. --- backscattering --- Ariake Sea --- chlorophyll-a variability --- spring–neap tides --- MODIS-Aqua --- total suspended sediment --- river discharge --- band registration --- morphological registration --- multispectral camera --- Micasense Rededge-M --- Pearl River estuary --- diffuse attenuation coefficient --- S-EOF --- land subsidence --- multi-temporal SAR interferometry --- sea-surface height --- relative sea level change --- satellite altimetry data --- GNSS --- coastal urban centers --- natural protected areas --- climate change impact --- physics-based inversion method --- ocean surface circulation --- high frequency radar --- self-organizing map --- empirical orthogonal function --- neural networks --- synoptic characteristics --- wave radar --- sea waves --- model data --- Mediterranean sea --- small river plume --- aerial drone --- coastal processes --- frontal zones --- internal waves --- along-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ATI-SAR) --- current line-of-sight (LOS) velocity --- azimuth ambiguity --- baseline-to-platform speed ratio estimation --- storm surge --- coastal flooding --- marine storms --- natural hazards --- steric-effect --- satellite altimetry --- ADG/CDOM colored dissolved organic matter --- Sentinel 3 --- southwestern Puerto Rico --- ocean tidal backwater --- stage–discharge relation --- ocean tide model --- Mekong Delta --- suspended particulate matter --- ocean color data --- satellite remote sensing --- in situ measurements --- C2RCC --- Landsat-8 OLI --- Sentinel-2 MSI --- Mzymta River --- Black Sea --- MUR SST --- SST fronts --- Inner Sea of Chiloé --- northern Patagonia --- suspended sediment --- Typhoon Soudelor --- spatial–temporal distribution --- HF marine radars --- wave energy