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Nestled in the Himalayan foothills of Northeast India, Darjeeling is synonymous with some of the finest and most expensive tea in the world. It is also home to a violent movement for regional autonomy that, like the tea industry, dates back to the days of colonial rule. In this nuanced ethnography, Sarah Besky narrates the lives of tea workers in Darjeeling. She explores how notions of fairness, value, and justice shifted with the rise of fair-trade practices and postcolonial separatist politics in the region.  This is the first book to explore how fair-trade operates in the context of large-scale plantations.  Readers in a variety of disciplines-anthropology, sociology, geography, environmental studies, and food studies-will gain a critical perspective on how plantation life is changing as Darjeeling struggles to reinvent its signature commodity for twenty-first-century consumers. The Darjeeling Distinction challenges fair-trade policy and practice, exposing how trade initiatives often fail to consider the larger environmental, historical, and sociopolitical forces that shape the lives of the people they intended to support.

Competition, Unfair -- India -- Darjeeling (District). --- Tea plantations -- India -- Darjeeling (District). --- Tea trade -- India -- Darjeeling (District). --- Tea trade --- Tea plantations --- Competition, Unfair --- Business & Economics --- Industries --- Tea industry --- Competition --- Competition law --- Fair trade --- Unfair competition --- Unfair trade practices --- Law and legislation --- Beverage industry --- Plantations --- Commercial crimes --- Commercial law --- Industrial property --- Torts --- Advertising laws --- E-books --- Social Sciences and Humanities. Economics --- International Economy --- International Trade. --- Economic Theory --- Welfare Theory. --- anthropology. --- colonial rule. --- darjeeling. --- disciplines. --- environmental studies. --- expensive tea. --- fair trade practices. --- fairness. --- geography. --- himalayan foothills. --- justice. --- northeast india. --- nuanced ethnography. --- postcolonial separatist politics. --- region. --- regional autonomy. --- sociology. --- tea industry. --- tea leaves. --- tea workers. --- value. --- violent movement.

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Since the British colonial period anthropology has been central to policy in India. But today, while the Indian state continues to use ethnography to govern, those who were the "objects" of study are harnessing disciplinary knowledge to redefine their communities, achieve greater prosperity, and secure political rights. In this groundbreaking study, Townsend Middleton tracks these newfound "lives" of anthropology. Offering simultaneous ethnographies of the people of Darjeeling's quest for "tribal" status and the government anthropologists handling their claims, Middleton exposes how minorities are—and are not—recognized for affirmative action and autonomy. We encounter communities putting on elaborate spectacles of sacrifice, exorcism, bows and arrows, and blood drinking to prove their "primitiveness" and "backwardness." Conversely, we see government anthropologists struggle for the ethnographic truth as communities increasingly turn academic paradigms back upon the state. The Demands of Recognition offers a compelling look at the escalating politics of tribal recognition in India. At once ethnographic and historical, it chronicles how multicultural governance has motivated the people of Darjeeling to ethnologically redefine themselves—from Gorkha to tribal and back. But as these communities now know, not all forms of difference are legible in the eyes of the state. The Gorkhas' search for recognition has only amplified these communities' anxieties about who they are—and who they must be—if they are to attain the rights, autonomy, and belonging they desire.

Gorkha (South Asian people) --- Ethnology --- Ethnicity --- Identity politics --- Identity (Psychology) --- Politics of identity --- Political participation --- Ethnic identity --- Group identity --- Cultural fusion --- Multiculturalism --- Cultural pluralism --- Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Anthropology --- Human beings --- Ghoorka (South Asian people) --- Ghurka (South Asian people) --- Goorkha (South Asian people) --- Gurkha (South Asian people) --- Gurkhas --- Politics and government. --- Government relations. --- Ethnic identity. --- Political aspects --- Darjeeling (India : District) --- Dārjiliṃ Jelā (India) --- Dārjiling (India : District) --- Scheduled tribes --- Government policy.

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Colonialism created exclusive economic and segregatory social spaces for the exploitation and management of natural and human resources, in the form of plantations, ports, mining towns, hill stations, civil lines and new urban centres for Europeans. Contagion and Enclaves studies the social history of medicine within two intersecting enclaves in colonial India; the hill station of Darjeeling which incorporated the sanitarian and racial norms of the British Raj; and in the adjacent tea plantations of North Bengal, which produced tea for the global market. This book studies the demographic and environmental transformation of the region: the racialization of urban spaces and its contestations, establishment of hill sanatoria, expansion of tea cultivation, labour emigration and the paternalistic modes of healthcare in the plantation. It examines how the threat of epidemics and riots informed the conflictual relationship between the plantations with the adjacent agricultural villages and district towns. It reveals how Tropical Medicine was practised in its 'field'; researches in malaria, hookworm, dysentery, cholera and leprosy were informed by investigations here, and the exigencies of the colonial state, private entrepreneurship, and municipal governance subverted their implementation. Contagion and Enclaves establishes the vital link between medicine, the political economy and the social history of colonialism. It demonstrates that while enclaves were essential and distinctive sites of articulation of colonial power and economy, they were not isolated sites. The book shows that the critical aspect of the enclaves was in their interconnectedness; with other enclaves, with the global economy and international medical research.

Public health --- Social medicine --- Medical care --- Medical sociology --- Medicine --- Medicine, Social --- Public welfare --- Sociology --- Medical ethics --- Medical sociologists --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Sanitary affairs --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- History. --- Social aspects --- India --- Indland --- Ḣindiston Respublikasi --- Republic of India --- Bhārata --- Indii︠a︡ --- Inde --- Indië --- Indien --- Sāthāranarat ʻIndīa --- Yin-tu --- Bharat --- Government of India --- インド --- Indo --- Social conditions --- Social conditions. --- Segregation. --- Public health. --- Medical care. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE --- MEDICAL --- HISTORY --- HEALTH & FITNESS --- Humanities. --- History: specific events and topics. --- Colonialism and imperialism. --- Ségrégation --- Santé publique --- Segregation --- Disease & Health Issues. --- Public Health. --- Health Policy. --- Health Care Delivery. --- Diseases. --- India & South Asia. --- Health Care Issues. --- Diseases --- General. --- Histoire --- History --- India. --- Conditions sociales --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Desegregation --- Race discrimination --- Minorities --- Indi --- Indii͡ --- هند --- Индия --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Learning and scholarship --- Classical education --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Descriptive sociology --- Social history --- Postcolonial --- Bengal --- Darjeeling --- Darjeeling district --- Dooars --- Kolkata --- Malaria --- Tea --- Terai