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This Special Edition Issue on the “Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Pruritus” contains an overview of various known causes of chronic pruritus and emerging therapeutics. Chronic pruritus is an itch that lasts longer than six weeks, and is associated with a variety of dermatologic, systemic, neurologic, and psychiatric etiologies. Itch negatively impacts patient quality of life, and has devastating psychosocial consequences. The manuscripts published in this Special Issue are also a showcase of the current understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic pruritus, along with its epidemiology, diagnostic workup, and therapeutic approaches used to treat chronic pruritus. A special focus is also placed on prurigo nodularis, a severely pruritic chronic inflammatory skin disease.

dupilumab --- IL-4 --- IL-13 --- pruritus --- chronic pruritus of unknown origin --- prurigo nodularis --- uremic pruritus --- lichen planus --- eosinophilic dermatosis of hematologic malignancy --- chronic pruritus --- mirtazapine --- chronic --- itch --- refractory --- treatment --- noradrenergic --- serotonergic --- antihistaminergic --- antidepressant --- skin --- atopic dermatitis --- ceramide --- pine tar --- drug-induced --- medication-related --- epidemiology --- inpatient --- disease burden --- national inpatient sample --- medical dermatology --- systematic review --- prurigo --- nodularis --- atopic --- dermatitis --- race --- gender --- comorbidities --- demographics --- pediatric --- children --- malignancy --- cancer --- neoplasm --- ion channels --- cell signaling --- Cav3.2 calcium channel --- RT-PCR --- wounds --- itch in wounds --- itch management --- aprepitant --- erlotinib --- EGFR --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- NK1R --- neurokinin1-receptor --- mycosis fungoides --- psoriasis --- associations --- lymphomatoid papulosis --- lymphoma --- racial differences --- nodular prurigo --- neuropathy --- therapeutic --- pathogenesis

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Although sphingolipids are ubiquitous components of cellular membranes, their abundance in cells is generally lower than glycerolipids or cholesterol, representing less than 20% of total lipid mass. Following their discovery in the brain—which contains the largest amounts of sphingolipids in the body—and first description in 1884 by J.L.W. Thudichum, sphingolipids have been overlooked for almost a century, perhaps due to their complexity and enigmatic nature. When sphingolipidoses were discovered, a series of inherited diseases caused by enzyme mutations involved in sphingolipid degradation returned to the limelight. The essential breakthrough came decades later, in the 1990s, with the discovery that sphingolipids were not just structural elements of cellular membranes but intra- and extracellular signaling molecules. It turned out that their lipid backbones, including ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate, had selective physiological functions. Thus, sphingolipids emerged as essential players in several pathologies including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases. The present volume reflects upon the unexpectedly eclectic functions of sphingolipids in health, disease, and therapy. This fascinating lipid class will continue to be the subject of up-and-coming future discoveries, especially with regard to new therapeutic strategies.

S1P receptor --- inflammation --- S1P transporter --- spinster homolog 2 --- barrier dysfunction --- anxiety --- depression --- sphingolipids --- sphingomyelinase --- ceramidase --- Smpd1 --- acid sphingomyelinase --- forebrain --- depressive-like behavior --- anxiety-like behavior --- ceramide --- ceramides --- ceramidases --- neurodegenerative diseases --- infectious diseases --- sphingosine 1-phoshate --- sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor --- S1P1–5 --- sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism --- sphingosine 1-phosphate antagonistst/inhibitors --- sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling --- stroke --- multiple sclerosis --- neurodegeneration --- fingolimod --- Sphingosine-1-phosphate --- obesity --- type 2 diabetes --- insulin resistance --- pancreatic β cell fate --- hypothalamus --- sphingosine-1-phosphate --- ischemia/reperfusion --- cardioprotection --- vasoconstriction --- coronary flow --- myocardial function --- myocardial infarct --- albumin --- type 1 diabetes --- beta-cells --- islets --- insulin --- cytokines --- S1P --- animal models --- cystic fibrosis --- autophagy --- myriocin --- Aspergillus fumigatus --- CLN3 disease --- Cln3Δex7/8 mice --- flupirtine --- allyl carbamate derivative --- apoptosis --- cancer --- gangliosides --- immunotherapy --- metastasis --- phenotype switching --- sphingosine 1-phosphate --- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) --- S1P-lyase (SGPL1) --- tau --- calcium --- histone acetylation --- hippocampus --- cortex --- astrocytes --- neurons --- sphingosine kinase --- G-protein-coupled receptors --- Gαq/11 --- n/a --- sphingosine kinase 1 --- SK1 --- microRNA --- transcription factor --- hypoxia --- long non-coding RNA --- S1P1-5

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Phospholipases are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that hydrolyze ester bonds within membrane phospholipids. These enzymes serve multiple biological functions that go far beyond a mere membrane remodeling role in cellular homeostasis; they also play key functions in nutrient digestion and the regulated formation of bioactive lipids involved in cell signaling. It is to the latter function, critical to life, that this book is primarily concerned with. All the chapters are written by renowned experts in the area, and provide forefront information on the role phospholipases in a number of physiological and pathophysiological settings.

inhibitor --- metabolic stability --- α-methylation --- oxoesters --- phospholipase A2 --- adrenic acid --- arachidonic acid --- mass spectrometry --- lipid signaling --- inflammation --- monocytes/macrophages --- crotoxin --- snake venom --- lung impairment --- inflammatory response --- lipid mediators --- neuromuscular blocker --- lipidomics --- PAP-2 --- autotaxin --- lysophosphatidate --- G protein-coupled receptor --- PLA2G6 --- fatty liver --- phospholipid remodeling --- diet-induced obesity --- morbidly obesity --- choline and methionine deficiency --- glioblastoma --- sphingolipid --- sphingosine-1-phosphate --- sphingomyelinase --- sphingomyelin --- metastasis --- phosphatidic acid --- diacylglycerol --- lipin --- signaling --- cPLA2α --- psoriasis --- proliferation --- anti-inflammatory --- atherosclerosis --- phospholipases --- macrophages --- T cells --- lipins --- pancreatic islets --- β-cells --- insulin secretion --- glucose tolerance --- insulin resistance --- group VIA phospholipase A2 --- fatty acid --- knockout mouse --- lipid mediator --- lysophospholipid --- membrane --- phospholipid --- ceramide --- acidic sphingomyelinase --- neutral sphingomyelinase --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis --- preadipocytes --- prostaglandins --- adipokines --- cytokines --- EP receptors --- Group V phospholipase A2 --- lipids --- majeed syndrome --- LPIN2 --- LIPIN2 --- chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis --- chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis --- autoinflammatory --- inflammasome --- macrophage --- osteoclast --- n/a