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This book addresses the innovative themes in characterizing the cellular membrane platforms and intracellular networking, as well as the architectural aspects of cell compartments mediated by the entry and replication cycles of viruses. The instrumentation of modern molecular and cellular biology provides a potent array of wave packets to image, detect and manipulate major dynamics of macromolecular and subviral assemblies as in the host cellular context. The book includes case studies presented with highly coherent and structured illuminations, including microscopy, spectroscopy and scannin

Viruses --- Molecular structure. --- Structure, Molecular --- Chemical structure --- Structural bioinformatics --- Replication of viruses --- Viral replication --- Reproduction --- Reproduction.

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Coronaviruses are the RNA viruses with the largest genome known to date (27 to 32 kb). Members of this virus family affect most domestic animal species, causing important socio-economical losses, and also infect humans. Human coronaviruses were known to cause the winter common cold, a mild infection without important pathological consequences except in immuno-compromised patients. Recently, two new human coronaviruses have emerged, one causing the Severe and Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) that infected more than 8000 individuals, leading to more than 800 deaths in 32 countries. This epidemic mobilized the World Health Organization, which launched travel restrictions to certain parts of the world for the first time in the last 50 years. The fact that coronaviruses, as many other viruses, crossed the species barrier to infect humans has posed a serious challenge to scientists involved in animal and human health. Control of coronavirus-induced diseases can only be the consequence of research on virus molecular biology and pathogenesis. This book contains information on virus genome structure, mechanism of replication and transcription, and the development of tools that make possible reverse genetic studies to understand virus-host interactions and the molecular basis of virus pathogenesis. The book also provides essential information for the development of classical and recombinant vaccines to control coronavirus infections.

Coronaviruses. --- Viral genetics. --- Virus genetics --- Viruses --- Microbial genetics --- Common cold viruses --- Coronaviridae --- Nidoviruses --- Genetics --- Medical virology. --- Virology. --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- Coronavirus --- Virus Replication. --- genetics. --- Replication, Virus --- Replications, Virus --- Virus Replications --- DNA Replication --- Viral Replication --- Replication, Viral --- Replications, Viral --- Viral Replications --- Viral Replication Compartments --- Microbiology

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Non enveloped viruses constitute an important class of medically significant pathogens. They encode their proteins in single (ss) and double strand (ds) RNA and DNA genomes and display a variety of sizes and structures. In this volume experts in the field provide up to date descriptions of many characteristics associated with the ssRNA noda, picorna and calciviruses, the dsRNA reo and rotaviruses, the ssDNA parvoviruses and the dsDNA polyoma and adenoviruses. While many aspects of these viruses have been addressed previously, this volume specifically focuses on the issue of their entry into cells, with particular attention to the translocation of the viral genome through a membrane, without the aid of inter-membrane fusion that is common and reasonably well understood in enveloped viruses. Sufficient detail has been revealed in most of the viruses discussed in this volume to establish a credible argument for convergent evolution. A variety of mechanisms are described to generate and tightly control the exposure of a fusion-like peptide or an entire gene product that facilitates membrane permeation and genome delivery into the cytoplasm and, for the DNA viruses, the nucleus. Since there is no viral membrane to fuse with the cellular membrane, the events at this interface are different from those associated with enveloped viruses and with the various fusion events associated with normal cellular function. Thus, while the factors critical for this process to occur have been well established for many of these viruses, a specific mechanism for genome penetration is yet to be determined. We believe that this volume will provide a reference of enduring value for the non enveloped virus field and our hope is that the focus on entry and genome translocation across a cellular membrane will stimulate new ideas and mechanistic studies of this critically important process.

Virus diseases -- Pathophysiology. --- Viruses -- Morphology. --- Viruses -- Physiology. --- Virus diseases --- Viruses --- Vertebrate Viruses --- Virus Diseases --- Organisms --- Diseases --- DNA Viruses --- RNA Virus Infections --- Biology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Infectious Diseases --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Pathophysiology --- Physiology --- Morphology --- Viruses. --- Viral contamination. --- Reproduction. --- Replication of viruses --- Viral replication --- Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Virology. --- Biomedicine. --- Microbiology --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Reproduction --- Microbial contamination --- Genetic vectors --- Microorganisms --- Mobile genetic elements --- Extrachromosomal DNA --- Medical virology. --- Medical microbiology --- Virology

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Currently, there is no single source that permits comparison of the factors, elements, enzymes and/or mechanisms employed by different classes of viruses for genome replication. As a result, we (and our students) often restrict our focus to our particular system, missing out on the opportunity to define unifying themes in viral genome replication or benefit from the advances in other systems. For example, extraordinary biological and experimental paradigms that have been established over the past five years for the DNA replication systems of bacteriophage T4 and T7 will likely be of great value to anyone interested in studying a replisome from any virus. These studies could easily go unnoticed by animal RNA and DNA virologists. It is our hope that this monograph will cross-fertilize and invigorate the field, as well as encourage students into this area of research.

Viral genomes. --- Viruses --Reproduction. --- Viral genomes --- Viruses --- Virus Replication --- Genetics --- Genome, Viral --- Virus Physiological Processes --- Biology --- Genome --- Microbiological Processes --- Virus Physiological Phenomena --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Genetic Structures --- Microbiological Phenomena --- Genetic Phenomena --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Phenomena and Processes --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Reproduction --- Reproduction. --- Replication of viruses --- Viral replication --- Viral genome --- Virus genomes --- Medicine. --- Human genetics. --- Immunology. --- Virology. --- Biochemistry. --- Cell biology. --- Microbiology. --- Biomedicine. --- Cell Biology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Human Genetics. --- Microbial genomes --- Medical virology. --- Cytology. --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- Composition --- Microbiology

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Viruses exhibit an elegant simplicity as they are so basic, but so frightening. Although only a few are life threatening, they have substantial implications for human health and the economy, as exemplified by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Viruses are rather small infectious agents found in all types of life forms, from animals and plants to prokaryotes and archaebacteria. They are obligate intracellular parasites, and as such, subvert many molecular and cellular processes of the host cell to ensure their own replication, amplification, and subsequent spread. This Special Issue addresses the cell biology of viral infections based on a collection of original research articles, communications, opinions, and reviews on various aspects of virus–host cell interactions. Together, these articles not only provide a glance into the latest research on the cell biology of viral infections but also include novel technological developments.

ectoderm --- mesoderm --- human development --- embryogenesis --- interferon response --- interferon-induced genes --- self-organizing map (SOM) data portrayal --- epigenetic signature --- embryoid body --- TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin pathway --- interferon --- tumor necrosis factor --- STAT --- interferon regulatory factor --- antiviral --- autoimmunity --- inflammation --- hepatitis C virus --- HCV --- erlin-1 --- erlin-2 --- host factor --- endoplasmic reticulum --- RNA replication --- protein production --- virus production --- lipid droplet --- TAP-GFP --- fluorescent TAP platform --- antigen presentation --- MHC I --- immune evasion --- BoHV-1 UL49.5 --- virus --- calcium channels --- calcium pumps --- virus–host interaction --- Ebola virus --- filovirus --- inclusion bodies --- NXF1 --- liquid organelles --- mRNA export --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncolytic virus --- herpes simplex virus --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- angiogenesis inhibitor --- rabies --- uDISCO --- 3D imaging --- rabies pathogenicity --- astrocyte infection --- metabolism --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- HIV-1 spread --- cell-free infection --- cell–cell transmission --- 3D cultures --- mathematical modeling --- environmental restriction --- CAD --- pyrimidine synthesis --- HEV --- particle production --- viral replication --- virus entry --- hantavirus --- Tula virus --- replication --- factory --- RNA synthesis --- Golgi --- stress granules --- actin cytoskeleton --- nucleocapsid transport --- Arp2/3 complex --- ERAP2 --- ERAP2/Iso3 --- microbial infections --- alternative splicing --- SARS-CoV-2 --- host cell response --- coronavirus --- MERS-CoV --- SARS-CoV --- sialic acid --- Siglec --- antiviral peptide --- enveloped viruses --- membrane phosphatidylserine --- envelope disruption --- membrane damage --- antiviral autophagy --- galectin --- bacterial invasion --- adenovirus --- lysophagy --- ESCRT machinery --- cedar virus --- henipavirus --- fusion protein --- endocytosis --- biological activity --- feline coronavirus --- feline enteric coronavirus --- FECV --- feline infectious peritonitis virus --- FIPV --- feline intestinal organoids --- alphaviruses --- cell death --- mosquito --- tolerance