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Steppe soils. --- Steppe ecology. --- Ecology --- Soils

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The Mongols emerged from obscurity to establish the largest contiguous empire in history. Although they are now no longer viewed as simply an unbridled force of destruction, it remains unclear as to how they succeeded in ruling an empire that stretched from the Sea of Japan to the Black Sea. This book investigates how the Mongol adopted and adapted different ruling strategies from previous Inner Asian empires as well as Chinese and Islamic Empires to rule an empire in which they were a distinct minority, and also investigates the processes by which this empire fragmented into an increasing number of states, many of which lasted into the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Mongols --- History. --- Asia --- Central Eurasia. --- Chinggis Khan. --- Inner Asia. --- Mongol Empire. --- Steppe Empires.

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Frozen mammals of the Ice Age, preserved for millennia in the tundra, have been a source of fascination and mystery since their first discovery over two centuries ago. These mummies, their ecology, and their preservation are the subject of this compelling book by paleontologist Dale Guthrie. The 1979 find of a frozen, extinct steppe bison in an Alaskan gold mine allowed him to undertake the first scientific excavation of an Ice Age mummy in North America and to test theories about these enigmatic frozen fauna. The 36,000-year-old bison mummy, coated with blue mineral crystals, was dubbed "Blue Babe." Guthrie conveys the excitement of its excavation and shows how he made use of evidence from living animals, other Pleistocene mummies, Paleolithic art, and geological data. With photographs and scores of detailed drawings, he takes the reader through the excavation and subsequent detective work, analyzing the animal's carcass and its surroundings, the circumstances of its death, its appearance in life, the landscape it inhabited, and the processes of preservation by freezing. His examination shows that Blue Babe died in early winter, falling prey to lions that inhabited the Arctic during the Pleistocene era. Guthrie uses information gleaned from his study of Blue Babe to provide a broad picture of bison evolutionary history and ecology, including speculations on the interactions of bison and Ice Age peoples. His description of the Mammoth Steppe as a cold, dry, grassy plain is based on an entirely new way of reading the fossil record.

Blue Babe (Steppe bison). --- Paleobiology. --- Paleontology -- Alaska -- Fairbanks Region. --- Steppe bison --Alaska -- Fairbanks Region. --- Steppe bison --- Blue Babe (Steppe bison) --- Paleontology --- Paleobiology --- Geology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Paleozoology --- Palaeobiology --- Biology --- Fossilogy --- Fossilology --- Palaeontology --- Paleontology, Zoological --- Historical geology --- Zoology --- Fossils --- Prehistoric animals in motion pictures --- Mummified animals --- Bison priscus --- Bos priscus --- Bison, Fossil --- mammals, fossils, ice age, preservation, bison, mummy, blue babe, excavation, science, research, pleistocene, paleolithic art, geology, carcass, death, freezing, extinction, evolution, history, ecology, mammoth steppe, plain, alaska, fairbanks, paleontology, ethology, nonfiction, phylogeny, hunting, animal human relationships, tundra, wild horses, lions, bushland, grazing.

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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Russian empire opened the grasslands of southern Ukraine to agricultural settlement. Among the immigrants who arrived were communities of Prussian Mennonites, recruited as "model colonists" to bring progressive agricultural methods to the east. Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian Steppe documents the Tsarist Mennonite experience through the papers of Johann Cornies (1789–1848), an ambitious and energetic leader of the Mennonite colony of Molochna. Cornies was well connected in the imperial government, and his papers offer a window not just into the world of the Molochna Mennonites, but also into the Tsarist state’s relationship with the national minorities of the frontier: Mennonites, Doukhobors, Nogai Tatars, and Jews. This selection of his letters and reports, translated into English, is an invaluable resource for scholars of all aspects of life in Tsarist Ukraine and for those interested in Mennonite history.

Germans --- Cornies, Johann, --- Johann Cornies. --- Mennonite history. --- Prussian Mennonites. --- Tsarist Mennonites. --- Ukraine. --- Ukrainian steppe. --- agricultural settlement. --- grasslands of southern Ukraine. --- history of Ukraine. --- letters. --- Ethnology

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Forest-steppes occupy a wide zone between Eurasian closed canopy forests and open steppes and feature a mosaic of woody and herbaceous vegetation. Due to the occurrence of structurally, compositionally, and environmentally strongly different habitats in close proximity, high spatial heterogeneity is one of the key characteristics of forest-steppe ecosystems. This volume presents ten contributions examining forest-steppe heterogeneity and its effects on environmental factors, plant communities, and animals.

carbon cycling --- natural stable isotope abundance --- nitrogen cycling --- soil organic matter --- temperate grassland --- drought tolerance --- forest–steppe ecotone --- hydraulic strategy --- hydraulic trait --- interspecific association --- interspecific relationships --- species co-occurrence --- semiarid forests --- duration curve --- forest steppe --- sensor network --- spatio-temporal microclimate pattern --- temperature–humidity data logger --- vapour pressure deficit --- pollen analysis --- forest belt --- forest-steppe ecotone --- position migration --- moisture change --- shrub encroachment --- spatial pattern --- temperate savanna --- ecosystem degradation --- sandy grasslands --- Danube-Tisza Interfluve --- morphotaxonomy --- abundance --- community composition --- decomposition --- Shannon diversity --- ecosystem service --- Geotrupidae --- grassland --- indicator species --- land use --- Scarabaeidae --- species richness --- arthropod predation --- connectivity --- dummy caterpillar --- ecosystem function --- edge effect --- forest-steppe --- fragment size --- kurgan --- landscape-scale --- seed predation --- Festuca vaginata --- Festuca pseudovaginata --- Festuca wagneri --- ecological values --- pedological analysis --- diversity --- forest-steppes --- sandy grassland --- grazing-mowing --- NDVI --- Sentinel-2A