Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Critical Thinking prepares students to thoughtfully interpret information and develop a sophisticated understanding of our increasingly complex and multi-mediated world. Peter M. Nardi's approach helps students sharpen their critical thinking skills and improve their analytical reasoning, enabling them to ward off gullibility, develop insightful skepticism, and ask the right questions about material online, in the mass media, or in scholarly publications. Students will learn to understand common errors in thinking; create reliable and valid research methodologies; understand social science concepts needed to make sense of popular and academic claims; and communicate, apply, and integrate the methods learned in both research and daily life. A companion website includes links to articles and books mentioned in the chapters, illustrative items, videos, and current news and research that elaborate on each chapter's key concepts.

Critical thinking. --- academic. --- analysis. --- analytical reasoning. --- asking questions. --- classroom. --- close reading. --- college. --- critical thinking. --- high school. --- key concepts. --- mass media. --- multi media. --- practical. --- reading skills. --- research methodologies. --- research methods. --- research skills. --- research. --- scholarly publications. --- scholarly. --- skeptic. --- skepticism. --- social science. --- students. --- study skills. --- university. --- useful. --- videos. --- writing skills.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In this book, Ernest Sosa explains the nature of knowledge through an approach originated by him years ago, known as virtue epistemology. Here he provides the first comprehensive account of his views on epistemic normativity as a form of performance normativity on two levels. On a first level is found the normativity of the apt performance, whose success manifests the performer's competence. On a higher level is found the normativity of the meta-apt performance, which manifests not necessarily first-order skill or competence but rather the reflective good judgment required for proper risk assessment. Sosa develops this bi-level account in multiple ways, by applying it to issues much disputed in recent epistemology: epistemic agency, how knowledge is normatively related to action, the knowledge norm of assertion, and the Meno problem as to how knowledge exceeds merely true belief. A full chapter is devoted to how experience should be understood if it is to figure in the epistemic competence that must be manifest in the truth of any belief apt enough to constitute knowledge. Another takes up the epistemology of testimony from the performance-theoretic perspective. Two other chapters are dedicated to comparisons with ostensibly rival views, such as classical internalist foundationalism, a knowledge-first view, and attributor contextualism. The book concludes with a defense of the epistemic circularity inherent in meta-aptness and thereby in the full aptness of knowing full well.

Virtue epistemology. --- Epistemic virtue --- Epistemology, Virtue --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Virtue epistemology --- AAA normativity. --- AAA structure. --- Meno problem. --- Meno. --- Plato. --- Platonic problems. --- Theaetus. --- apprehension. --- assertion. --- awareness. --- belief. --- bootstrapping. --- circularity. --- contextualism. --- contextualist fallacy. --- epistemic agency. --- epistemic circularity. --- epistemic faculties. --- epistemic normativity. --- epistemic performances. --- epistemology. --- experience. --- experiential states. --- human knowledge. --- ignorance. --- interlocutors. --- knowledge first. --- knowledge. --- meta-aptness. --- normativity. --- perceptual knowledge. --- performance aims. --- performance based. --- performance normativity. --- proper action. --- propositional experience. --- radical knowledge. --- relevant alternatives. --- sensa. --- sense data. --- sensory experience. --- skeptic. --- testimonial knowledge. --- testimonies. --- testimony. --- threshold setting. --- traditional knowledge. --- true belief. --- trust. --- virtue epistemology. --- Ethics --- Philosophy