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Individual-based models are an exciting and widely used new tool for ecology. These computational models allow scientists to explore the mechanisms through which population and ecosystem ecology arises from how individuals interact with each other and their environment. This book provides the first in-depth treatment of individual-based modeling and its use to develop theoretical understanding of how ecological systems work, an approach the authors call "individual-based ecology.? Grimm and Railsback start with a general primer on modeling: how to design models that are as simple as possible while still allowing specific problems to be solved, and how to move efficiently through a cycle of pattern-oriented model design, implementation, and analysis. Next, they address the problems of theory and conceptual framework for individual-based ecology: What is "theory"? That is, how do we develop reusable models of how system dynamics arise from characteristics of individuals? What conceptual framework do we use when the classical differential equation framework no longer applies? An extensive review illustrates the ecological problems that have been addressed with individual-based models. The authors then identify how the mechanics of building and using individual-based models differ from those of traditional science, and provide guidance on formulating, programming, and analyzing models. This book will be helpful to ecologists interested in modeling, and to other scientists interested in agent-based modeling.

Biomathematics. Biometry. Biostatistics --- Human ecology. Social biology --- Population Dynamics --- Models, Theoretical --- Ecology --- Population biology --- Biotic communities --- Biologie des populations --- Mathematical models --- Modèles mathématiques --- Mathematical models. --- Modèles mathématiques --- Ecology. --- Models, Theoretical. --- Population Dynamics. --- Demographic Aging --- Demographic Transition --- Optimum Population --- Population Decrease --- Population Pressure --- Population Replacement --- Population Theory --- Residential Mobility --- Rural-Urban Migration --- Stable Population --- Stationary Population --- Malthusianism --- Neomalthusianism --- Aging, Demographic --- Decrease, Population --- Decreases, Population --- Demographic Transitions --- Dynamics, Population --- Migration, Rural-Urban --- Migrations, Rural-Urban --- Mobilities, Residential --- Mobility, Residential --- Optimum Populations --- Population Decreases --- Population Pressures --- Population Replacements --- Population Theories --- Population, Optimum --- Population, Stable --- Population, Stationary --- Populations, Optimum --- Populations, Stable --- Populations, Stationary --- Pressure, Population --- Pressures, Population --- Replacement, Population --- Replacements, Population --- Residential Mobilities --- Rural Urban Migration --- Rural-Urban Migrations --- Stable Populations --- Stationary Populations --- Theories, Population --- Theory, Population --- Transition, Demographic --- Transitions, Demographic --- Life History Traits --- Genetics, Population --- Experimental Model --- Experimental Models --- Mathematical Model --- Model, Experimental --- Models (Theoretical) --- Models, Experimental --- Models, Theoretic --- Theoretical Study --- Mathematical Models --- Model (Theoretical) --- Model, Mathematical --- Model, Theoretical --- Models, Mathematical --- Studies, Theoretical --- Study, Theoretical --- Theoretical Model --- Theoretical Models --- Theoretical Studies --- Computer Simulation --- Systems Theory --- Environmental Science --- Bionomics --- Ecologies --- Environmental Sciences --- Science, Environmental --- Sciences, Environmental --- Environmental Psychology --- Conservation of Natural Resources --- Environmental Health --- Ecosystem --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology - Mathematical models --- Biotic communities - Mathematical models

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Demography --- Population research --- Population --- Research --- Demography. --- Population Dynamics. --- Démographie --- Population research. --- Recherche --- Historical demography --- Social sciences --- Vital statistics --- Demographic Aging --- Demographic Transition --- Optimum Population --- Population Decrease --- Population Pressure --- Population Replacement --- Population Theory --- Residential Mobility --- Rural-Urban Migration --- Stable Population --- Stationary Population --- Malthusianism --- Neomalthusianism --- Aging, Demographic --- Decrease, Population --- Decreases, Population --- Demographic Transitions --- Dynamics, Population --- Migration, Rural-Urban --- Migrations, Rural-Urban --- Mobilities, Residential --- Mobility, Residential --- Optimum Populations --- Population Decreases --- Population Pressures --- Population Replacements --- Population Theories --- Population, Optimum --- Population, Stable --- Population, Stationary --- Populations, Optimum --- Populations, Stable --- Populations, Stationary --- Pressure, Population --- Pressures, Population --- Replacement, Population --- Replacements, Population --- Residential Mobilities --- Rural Urban Migration --- Rural-Urban Migrations --- Stable Populations --- Stationary Populations --- Theories, Population --- Theory, Population --- Transition, Demographic --- Transitions, Demographic --- Life History Traits --- Genetics, Population --- Accounting, Demographic --- Analyses, Demographic --- Analyses, Multiregional --- Analysis, Period --- Brass Technic --- Brass Technique --- Demographers --- Demographic Accounting --- Demographic Analysis --- Demographic Factor --- Demographic Factors --- Demographic Impact --- Demographic Impacts --- Demographic Survey --- Demographic Surveys --- Demographic and Health Surveys --- Demographics --- Demography, Historical --- Demography, Prehistoric --- Factor, Demographic --- Factors, Demographic --- Family Reconstitution --- Historical Demography --- Impact, Demographic --- Impacts, Demographic --- Multiregional Analysis --- Period Analysis --- Population Spatial Distribution --- Prehistoric Demography --- Reverse Survival Method --- Stable Population Method --- Survey, Demographic --- Surveys, Demographic --- Population Distribution --- Analyses, Period --- Analysis, Demographic --- Analysis, Multiregional --- Demographer --- Demographic Analyses --- Demographies, Historical --- Demographies, Prehistoric --- Distribution, Population --- Distribution, Population Spatial --- Distributions, Population --- Distributions, Population Spatial --- Family Reconstitutions --- Historical Demographies --- Method, Reverse Survival --- Method, Stable Population --- Methods, Reverse Survival --- Methods, Stable Population --- Multiregional Analyses --- Period Analyses --- Population Distributions --- Population Methods, Stable --- Population Spatial Distributions --- Prehistoric Demographies --- Reconstitution, Family --- Reconstitutions, Family --- Reverse Survival Methods --- Spatial Distribution, Population --- Spatial Distributions, Population --- Stable Population Methods --- Technic, Brass --- Technique, Brass --- Démographie --- Demographic --- Demographic and Health Survey

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Demography --- Demography. --- Population Dynamics. --- População. --- Population. --- Brazil --- Brazil. --- Population --- Historical demography --- Demographic Aging --- Demographic Transition --- Optimum Population --- Population Decrease --- Population Pressure --- Population Replacement --- Population Theory --- Residential Mobility --- Rural-Urban Migration --- Stable Population --- Stationary Population --- Malthusianism --- Neomalthusianism --- Aging, Demographic --- Decrease, Population --- Decreases, Population --- Demographic Transitions --- Dynamics, Population --- Migration, Rural-Urban --- Migrations, Rural-Urban --- Mobilities, Residential --- Mobility, Residential --- Optimum Populations --- Population Decreases --- Population Pressures --- Population Replacements --- Population Theories --- Population, Optimum --- Population, Stable --- Population, Stationary --- Populations, Optimum --- Populations, Stable --- Populations, Stationary --- Pressure, Population --- Pressures, Population --- Replacement, Population --- Replacements, Population --- Residential Mobilities --- Rural Urban Migration --- Rural-Urban Migrations --- Stable Populations --- Stationary Populations --- Theories, Population --- Theory, Population --- Transition, Demographic --- Transitions, Demographic --- Accounting, Demographic --- Analyses, Demographic --- Analyses, Multiregional --- Analysis, Period --- Brass Technic --- Brass Technique --- Demographers --- Demographic Accounting --- Demographic Analysis --- Demographic Factor --- Demographic Factors --- Demographic Impact --- Demographic Impacts --- Demographic Survey --- Demographic Surveys --- Demographic and Health Surveys --- Demographics --- Demography, Historical --- Demography, Prehistoric --- Factor, Demographic --- Factors, Demographic --- Family Reconstitution --- Historical Demography --- Impact, Demographic --- Impacts, Demographic --- Multiregional Analysis --- Period Analysis --- Population Spatial Distribution --- Prehistoric Demography --- Reverse Survival Method --- Stable Population Method --- Survey, Demographic --- Surveys, Demographic --- Population Distribution --- Analyses, Period --- Analysis, Demographic --- Analysis, Multiregional --- Demographer --- Demographic Analyses --- Demographies, Historical --- Demographies, Prehistoric --- Distribution, Population --- Distribution, Population Spatial --- Distributions, Population --- Distributions, Population Spatial --- Family Reconstitutions --- Historical Demographies --- Method, Reverse Survival --- Method, Stable Population --- Methods, Reverse Survival --- Methods, Stable Population --- Multiregional Analyses --- Period Analyses --- Population Distributions --- Population Methods, Stable --- Population Spatial Distributions --- Prehistoric Demographies --- Reconstitution, Family --- Reconstitutions, Family --- Reverse Survival Methods --- Spatial Distribution, Population --- Spatial Distributions, Population --- Stable Population Methods --- Technic, Brass --- Technique, Brass --- Human population --- Human populations --- Population growth --- Populations, Human --- Brazylia --- República Federativa do Brasil --- Brasil --- République fédérative du Brésil --- Brésil --- Brasilien --- Pa-hsi --- Federative Republic of Brazil --- Brasile --- Brazilië --- Brazilia --- Бразил --- Федерациэм Республикэ Бразил --- Federat︠s︡iėm Respublikė Brazil --- Brasilië --- Federale Republiek van Brasilië --- البرازيل --- al-Barāzīl --- برازيل --- Barāzīl --- Rèpublica fèdèrativa du Brèsil --- Pindorama --- Tetã Pindorama --- Wrasil --- Tantasqa Republika Wrasil --- Braziliya --- Braziliya Federativ Respublikası --- Pa-se --- Pa-se Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok --- Бразилия --- Brazilii︠a︡ --- Бразилия Федератив Республикаhы --- Brazilii︠a︡ Federativ Respublikaḣy --- Бразілія --- Федэратыўная Рэспубліка Бразілія --- Fedėratyŭnai︠a︡ Rėspublika Brazilii︠a︡ --- Федеративна република Бразилия --- Federativna republika Brazilii︠a︡ --- Federativna republika Brazil --- Republik Kevreel Brazil --- República Federal del Brasil --- Бразили --- Brazili --- Бразили Федеративлă Республики --- Brazili Federativlă Respubliki --- Brazilská federativní republika --- Pederatibong Republika sa Brasil --- Republica Federativa del Brazil --- Republica Federale di u Brasile --- Gweriniaeth Ffederal Brasil --- Brasilia --- ブラジル --- Burajiru --- Social sciences --- Vital statistics --- Life History Traits --- Genetics, Population --- Economics --- Human ecology --- Sociology --- Brasili --- Brazilii͡ --- Brazilii͡a Federativ Respublikaḣy --- Federale Republiek van Brasili --- Federativna republika Brazilii͡ --- Federat͡siėm Respublikė Brazil --- Fedėratyŭnai͡a Rėspublika Brazilii͡ --- Demographic --- Demographic and Health Survey

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Population Dynamics --- Aged --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Aging --- Social Welfare --- Growth and Development --- Demography --- Sociology --- Adult --- Population Characteristics --- Social Sciences --- Health Care --- Physiological Processes --- Age Groups --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Physiological Phenomena --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Public Health --- Persons --- Phenomena and Processes --- Named Groups --- Environment and Public Health --- Person --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Physiological Concepts --- Physiological Phenomenon --- Physiological Process --- Concept, Physiological --- Concepts, Physiological --- Phenomena, Physiological --- Phenomenas, Physiological --- Phenomenon, Physiological --- Physiological Concept --- Process, Physiological --- Processes, Physiological --- Measurements, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Measurement --- Measurement, Epidemiologic --- Age Group --- Group, Age --- Groups, Age --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Adults --- General Social Development and Population --- Accounting, Demographic --- Analyses, Demographic --- Analyses, Multiregional --- Analysis, Period --- Brass Technic --- Brass Technique --- Demographers --- Demographic Accounting --- Demographic Analysis --- Demographic Factor --- Demographic Factors --- Demographic Impact --- Demographic Impacts --- Demographic Survey --- Demographic Surveys --- Demographic and Health Surveys --- Demographics --- Demography, Historical --- Demography, Prehistoric --- Factor, Demographic --- Factors, Demographic --- Family Reconstitution --- Historical Demography --- Impact, Demographic --- Impacts, Demographic --- Multiregional Analysis --- Period Analysis --- Population Spatial Distribution --- Prehistoric Demography --- Reverse Survival Method --- Stable Population Method --- Survey, Demographic --- Surveys, Demographic --- Demographer --- Demographic --- Demographic and Health Survey --- Population Distribution --- Analyses, Period --- Analysis, Demographic --- Analysis, Multiregional --- Demographic Analyses --- Demographies, Historical --- Demographies, Prehistoric --- Distribution, Population --- Distribution, Population Spatial --- Distributions, Population --- Distributions, Population Spatial --- Family Reconstitutions --- Historical Demographies --- Method, Reverse Survival --- Method, Stable Population --- Methods, Reverse Survival --- Methods, Stable Population --- Multiregional Analyses --- Period Analyses --- Population Distributions --- Population Methods, Stable --- Population Spatial Distributions --- Prehistoric Demographies --- Reconstitution, Family --- Reconstitutions, Family --- Reverse Survival Methods --- Spatial Distribution, Population --- Spatial Distributions, Population --- Stable Population Methods --- Technic, Brass --- Technique, Brass --- Development and Growth --- Developmental Biology --- Community Services --- Services, Community --- Community Service --- Service, Community --- Welfare, Social --- Public Assistance --- Aging, Biological --- Biological Aging --- Senescence --- Mutation Accumulation --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Social Inequalities --- Social Inequality --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequalities, Social --- Inequality, Social --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Economics --- Elderly --- Geriatrics --- Longevity --- Demographic Aging --- Demographic Transition --- Optimum Population --- Population Decrease --- Population Pressure --- Population Replacement --- Population Theory --- Residential Mobility --- Rural-Urban Migration --- Stable Population --- Stationary Population --- Malthusianism --- Neomalthusianism --- Aging, Demographic --- Decrease, Population --- Decreases, Population --- Demographic Transitions --- Dynamics, Population --- Migration, Rural-Urban --- Migrations, Rural-Urban --- Mobilities, Residential --- Mobility, Residential --- Optimum Populations --- Population Decreases --- Population Pressures --- Population Replacements --- Population Theories --- Population, Optimum --- Population, Stable --- Population, Stationary --- Populations, Optimum --- Populations, Stable --- Populations, Stationary --- Pressure, Population --- Pressures, Population --- Replacement, Population --- Replacements, Population --- Residential Mobilities --- Rural Urban Migration --- Rural-Urban Migrations --- Stable Populations --- Stationary Populations --- Theories, Population --- Theory, Population --- Transition, Demographic --- Transitions, Demographic --- Life History Traits --- Genetics, Population --- Economic and Social Factors --- Social and Economic Factors --- Socioeconomic Characteristics --- Characteristic, Socioeconomic --- Socioeconomic Characteristic --- Names

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To help the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services more accurately predict future health care costs, RAND Health developed the Future Elderly Model (FEM). A demographic-economic model of health spending projections, the FEM enables the user to answer "what-if" questions about the effects of changes in health status and disease treatment on future health care costs.

Older people. --- Population Dynamics --- Health Expenditures --- Health Services for the Aged --- Health Status --- Aged --- Medicare --- Health Planning --- Demography --- Legislation as Topic --- Health Services --- Delivery of Health Care --- Adult --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Medical Assistance --- Insurance, Health --- Costs and Cost Analysis --- Age Groups --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Health Care --- Social Control, Formal --- Insurance --- Public Assistance --- Population Characteristics --- Social Sciences --- Economics --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Public Health --- Financing, Government --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Persons --- Financing, Organized --- Environment and Public Health --- Named Groups --- Aged Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Community Financing --- Grants --- Organized Financing --- Financing, Community --- Grant --- Person --- Government Financing --- Federal Aid --- Financing, Public --- Grants and Subsidies, Government --- Hill-Burton Act --- Subsidies, Government --- Act, Hill-Burton --- Aid, Federal --- Aids, Federal --- Federal Aids --- Government Subsidies --- Government Subsidy --- Hill Burton Act --- Public Financing --- Subsidy, Government --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Healthcare Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Assistance, Public --- Indemnity --- Insurance Premiums --- Insurance Premium --- Premium, Insurance --- Premiums, Insurance --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Measurements, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Measurement --- Measurement, Epidemiologic --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Age Group --- Group, Age --- Groups, Age --- Analysis, Cost --- Cost --- Cost Analysis --- Cost Comparison --- Cost Measures --- Cost-Minimization Analysis --- Costs and Cost Analyses --- Costs, Cost Analysis --- Pricing --- Analyses, Cost --- Analyses, Cost-Minimization --- Analysis, Cost-Minimization --- Comparison, Cost --- Comparisons, Cost --- Cost Analyses --- Cost Comparisons --- Cost Measure --- Cost Minimization Analysis --- Cost, Cost Analysis --- Cost-Minimization Analyses --- Costs --- Measure, Cost --- Measures, Cost --- Group Health Insurance --- Health Insurance --- Health Insurance, Voluntary --- Health Insurance, Group --- Insurance, Group Health --- Insurance, Voluntary Health --- Voluntary Health Insurance --- Assistance, Medical --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Adults --- Services, Health --- Health Service --- Service, Health --- Constitutional Amendments --- Laws and Statutes --- Legislation, Health --- Model Legislation --- Population Law --- Statutes and Laws --- Health Legislation --- Amendment, Constitutional --- Amendments, Constitutional --- Constitutional Amendment --- Law, Population --- Laws, Population --- Legislation, Model --- Population Laws --- Accounting, Demographic --- Analyses, Demographic --- Analyses, Multiregional --- Analysis, Period --- Brass Technic --- Brass Technique --- Demographers --- Demographic Accounting --- Demographic Analysis --- Demographic Factor --- Demographic Factors --- Demographic Impact --- Demographic Impacts --- Demographic Survey --- Demographic Surveys --- Demographic and Health Surveys --- Demographics --- Demography, Historical --- Demography, Prehistoric --- Factor, Demographic --- Factors, Demographic --- Family Reconstitution --- Historical Demography --- Impact, Demographic --- Impacts, Demographic --- Multiregional Analysis --- Period Analysis --- Population Spatial Distribution --- Prehistoric Demography --- Reverse Survival Method --- Stable Population Method --- Survey, Demographic --- Surveys, Demographic --- Population Distribution --- Analyses, Period --- Analysis, Demographic --- Analysis, Multiregional --- Demographer --- Demographic Analyses --- Demographies, Historical --- Demographies, Prehistoric --- Distribution, Population --- Distribution, Population Spatial --- Distributions, Population --- Distributions, Population Spatial --- Family Reconstitutions --- Historical Demographies --- Method, Reverse Survival --- Method, Stable Population --- Methods, Reverse Survival --- Methods, Stable Population --- Multiregional Analyses --- Period Analyses --- Population Distributions --- Population Methods, Stable --- Population Spatial Distributions --- Prehistoric Demographies --- Reconstitution, Family --- Reconstitutions, Family --- Reverse Survival Methods --- Spatial Distribution, Population --- Spatial Distributions, Population --- Stable Population Methods --- Technic, Brass --- Technique, Brass --- PL93-641 --- Public Law 93-641 --- Health and Welfare Planning --- National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 --- Planning, Health and Welfare --- State Health Planning, United States --- Planning, Health --- Public Law 93 641 --- Health Insurance for Aged, Disabled, Title 18 --- Health Insurance for Aged, Title 18 --- Health Insurance for Aged and Disabled, Title 18 --- Insurance, Health, for Aged and Disabled --- Elderly --- Level of Health --- Health Level --- Health Levels --- Status, Health --- Health Services for Aged --- Health Services for the Elderly --- Health Services, Geriatric --- Geriatric Health Services --- Geriatric Health Service --- Health Service, Geriatric --- Service, Geriatric Health --- Services, Geriatric Health --- Expenditures --- Expenditures, Direct --- Expenditures, Indirect --- Expenditures, Out-of-Pocket --- Out-of Pocket Expenditures --- Out-of-Pocket Costs --- Out-of-Pocket Expenses --- Out-of-Pocket Payments --- Out-of-Pocket Spending --- Expenditures, Health --- Cost, Out-of-Pocket --- Costs, Out-of-Pocket --- Direct Expenditure --- Direct Expenditures --- Expenditure --- Expenditure, Direct --- Expenditure, Health --- Expenditure, Indirect --- Expenditure, Out-of Pocket --- Expenditure, Out-of-Pocket --- Expenditures, Out of Pocket --- Expenditures, Out-of Pocket --- Expense, Out-of-Pocket --- Expenses, Out-of-Pocket --- Health Expenditure --- Indirect Expenditure --- Indirect Expenditures --- Out of Pocket Costs --- Out of Pocket Expenditures --- Out of Pocket Expenses --- Out of Pocket Payments --- Out of Pocket Spending --- Out-of Pocket Expenditure --- Out-of-Pocket Cost --- Out-of-Pocket Expenditure --- Out-of-Pocket Expenditures --- Out-of-Pocket Expense --- Out-of-Pocket Payment --- Payment, Out-of-Pocket --- Payments, Out-of-Pocket --- Spending, Out-of-Pocket --- Demographic Aging --- Demographic Transition --- Optimum Population --- Population Decrease --- Population Pressure --- Population Replacement --- Population Theory --- Residential Mobility --- Rural-Urban Migration --- Stable Population --- Stationary Population --- Malthusianism --- Neomalthusianism --- Aging, Demographic --- Decrease, Population --- Decreases, Population --- Demographic Transitions --- Dynamics, Population --- Migration, Rural-Urban --- Migrations, Rural-Urban --- Mobilities, Residential --- Mobility, Residential --- Optimum Populations --- Population Decreases --- Population Pressures --- Population Replacements --- Population Theories --- Population, Optimum --- Population, Stable --- Population, Stationary --- Populations, Optimum --- Populations, Stable --- Populations, Stationary --- Pressure, Population --- Pressures, Population --- Replacement, Population --- Replacements, Population --- Residential Mobilities --- Rural Urban Migration --- Rural-Urban Migrations --- Stable Populations --- Stationary Populations --- Theories, Population --- Theory, Population --- Transition, Demographic --- Transitions, Demographic --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Public Policy --- Health Legislation as Topic --- Planning Techniques --- Geriatrics --- Longevity --- Frail Elderly --- Health Care Costs --- Life History Traits --- Genetics, Population --- Affordability --- Affordabilities --- Health Status. --- Aged. --- Health Planning. --- Population Dynamics. --- trends. --- economics. --- United States. --- General Health --- General Health Level --- General Health Status --- Overall Health --- Overall Health Status --- General Health Levels --- Health Level, General --- Health Status, General --- Health Status, Overall --- Health, General --- Health, Overall --- Level, General Health --- Levels, General Health --- Status, General Health --- Status, Overall Health