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The following study uses a bilingual version of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm (Deese 1959; Roediger & McDermott 1995) to investigate conceptual mediation in second language (L2) learners. In this paradigm, participants are exposed to a list of words (e.g. bed, rest, dream, etc.) that are highly associated to a critical lure word that is not presented (e.g. sleep). Later, when asked to recall the words presented, participants will often falsely recall the critical lure that was implicitly generated in memory during encoding. Participants were native English-speaking learners of Spanish (N = 241) with varying proficiency in Spanish. The results suggest that proficiency constrains conceptual mediation. Theoretical and pedagogical implications are discussed.

Second language acquisition --- Priming (Psychology) --- Psycholinguistics --- Methodology --- Psycholinguistics. --- Tweedetaalverwerving --- Psycholinguistiek --- Methodology. --- research --- methodologie --- priming --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Priming (Psychology). --- research. --- methodologie. --- priming. --- Language, Psychology of --- Language and languages --- Psychology of language --- Speech --- Second language learning --- Psychological aspects --- Psychology --- Linguistics --- Thought and thinking --- Language acquisition --- Memory --- Association of ideas --- Didactics of languages --- Second language acquisition - Methodology

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Masked priming has a short and somewhat controversial history. When used as a tool to study whether semantic processing can occur in the absence of conscious awareness, considerable debate followed, mainly about whether masked priming truly tapped unconscious processes. For research into other components of visual word processing, however - in particular, orthographic, phonological, and morphological - a general consensus about the evidence provided by masked priming results has emerged. This book contains thirteen original chapters in which these three components of visual word processing ar

Cognitive psychology --- Psycholinguistics --- Masked priming. --- Word recognition. --- Mots, Reconnaissance des --- Psycholinguistics. --- Psycholinguistique --- Masked priming --- Word recognition --- #PBIB:2004.1 --- Flash cards --- Language, Psychology of --- Language and languages --- Psychology of language --- Speech --- Psychological aspects --- Psychology --- Reading (Elementary) --- Vocabulary --- Linguistics --- Thought and thinking --- Priming (Psychology) --- Visual masking

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Cognitive psychology --- Priming (Psychology) --- Memory --- Learning. --- Learning process --- Comprehension --- Education --- Retention (Psychology) --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Executive functions (Neuropsychology) --- Mnemonics --- Perseveration (Psychology) --- Reproduction (Psychology) --- Association of ideas --- Research.

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This book provides new and in-depth insights into molecular aspects of plant cell signaling in response to biotic, such as aphid- and grey mold disease-resistance, and abiotic stresses, such as soil salinity and drought stress, and additionally, functional analysis on signaling components involved in flowering, juvenility, GA signaling, and biosynthesis, and miRNA-regulated gene expression. Furthermore, plant acclimation was reported, with emphasis on mechanistic insights into the roles of brassinosteroids, cyclic AMP, and hydrogen sulfide, and the recent advances of transmembrane receptor-like kinases were refined. Clearly, plant cell signaling is an intensive topic and whether it is now or in the future, the emerging technology in functional analysis such as genome editing technologies, high-throughput technologies, integrative multiple-omics as well as bioinformatics can assist researchers to reveal novel aspects of the regulatory mechanisms of plant growth and development, and acclimation to environmental and biotic stresses. The achievement of such research will be useful in improving crop stress tolerances to increase agricultural productivity and sustainability for the food supply of the world.

salinity --- selenium (Se) --- crops --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- enzymatic anti-oxidative system --- drought --- GA --- DELLA --- ABF2 --- protein–protein interaction --- Arabidopsis --- endocytosis --- microRNAs --- miPEPs --- peptides --- development --- kinase --- receptor --- stress --- tobacco --- calcium --- calcite --- reactive oxygen species --- ion channels --- cellular signalization --- brassinosteroids --- receptor-like kinases --- GSK3-like kinases --- somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases --- protein phosphatases --- Malus domestica --- Rosaceae --- juvenility --- FLOWERING LOCUS C --- flowering --- Hydrogen sulfide --- S-sulfhydration --- plant hormone --- gasotransmitter --- disease resistance --- plant defense --- herbivore --- phytohormone --- plant biotic stress --- plant signalling --- Medicago truncatula --- abiotic stress --- cAMP --- cyclic nucleotides-gated channels --- plant innate immunity --- Botrytis cinerea --- tomato --- iprodione --- mutant --- transcriptome analysis --- metabolism --- catalytic activity --- dwarfism --- gene cloning --- MNP1 --- CPS --- ABA signaling --- brassinosteroid signaling cascade --- drought tolerance --- priming --- stress adaptation --- stress memory --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- DELLA/TVHYNP --- Dwarf --- GA20OX2 --- GA signaling --- n/a --- protein-protein interaction

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Today, herbicide-resistant weeds dominate research and development efforts in the discipline of weed science. The incidence, management challenges, and cost of multiple herbicide-resistant weed populations are continually increasing worldwide. Crop varieties with multiple herbicide-resistance traits are being rapidly adopted by growers and land managers to keep ahead of the weed resistance tsunami. This Special Issue of Plants comprises papers that describe the current status and future outlook of herbicide resistance research and development in weedy and domestic plants, with topics covering the full spectrum from resistance mechanisms to resistance management. The unifying framework for this Special issue is the challenge posed to all of the contributing authors: What are the (potential) implications for herbicide resistance management?

best management practices --- crop competition --- herbicide resistance --- integrated weed management --- precision weed management --- site-specific weed management --- Citrus latifolia --- hairy beggarticks --- junglerice --- tropical sprangletop --- corn --- herbicide resistance trait --- maize --- soybean --- amino acid biosynthesis --- lipid biosynthesis --- mechanism of action --- plastoquinone biosynthesis --- pyrimidine biosynthesis --- target site --- weeds --- genomics --- plant genome assembly --- non-target site resistance --- population genomics --- genome scans --- population genetics --- non-target metabolomics --- GC-MS --- priming --- hormesis --- D1 protein --- acetolactate synthase --- tubulin --- ACCase --- EPSPS --- phytoene desaturase --- PPO --- glutamine synthetase --- auxin --- Non-target-site resistance --- herbicide mode of action --- co-existence --- environmental conditions --- resistance mutation --- fitness benefit --- fitness cost --- resistance management --- weed genomics --- herbicide resistance database --- herbicide resistance diagnostics --- precision herbicide resistance management --- functional genomics --- weed biology --- weed evolution --- integrated pest management --- sensitivity line --- ryegrass --- herbicide dose --- dose-response --- non-target-site resistance