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Potassium channels. --- Channels, Potassium --- Ion channels
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This is an introductory book on the role of potassium in health, physiology of potassium homeostasis, diagnostic approach to potassium derangement, and clinical management of potassium disorders. It is a concise, easy-to-read reference for students in the health professions, mid-level providers, house staff trainees, and clinicians.
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"Every second throughout life, billions of sodium-potassium pumps enable the human muscle cells to function. The pump is an enzyme found in the plasma membrane of all animal cells and is an important example of active transport. The Na⁺, K⁺-pumps keep us going by pumping sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells and without them, we would not survive. Addressed to scientists in the field of biomedicine, the author presents a thorough overview of his scientific results over more than 40 years. The book is richly illustrated and seeks to explain how a single molecule creates the required conditions for our muscles to work."
Sodium/potassium ATPase. --- Sodium --- Potassium --- Physiological transport.
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This is an introductory book on the role of potassium in health, physiology of potassium homeostasis, diagnostic approach to potassium derangement, and clinical management of potassium disorders. It is a concise, easy-to-read reference for students in the health professions, mid-level providers, house staff trainees, and clinicians.
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Plants --- Effect of potassium on. --- Plants, Effect of potassium on --- Potassium --- Effect of metals on --- Physiological effect --- Efecte de l'estrès sobre les plantes
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Potassium iodide. --- Radiation-protective agents. --- Drugs, Radiation-protective --- Drugs, Radioprotective --- Radiation --- Radioprotectants --- Radioprotective agents --- Drugs --- Iodides --- Potassium salts --- Protective agents --- Safety measures
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Potash. --- Potassium in agriculture. --- Agricultural productivity. --- Productivity, Agricultural --- Agriculture --- Farm management --- Economic aspects --- Potassi
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Maxi calcium-activated potassium channels (BK) are an amazing category of ion channels which are found in cellular plasma membranes as well as in membranes of intracellular organelles. The function of these channels is to repolarize any excited membrane by passing a potassium outward current, in response to depolarization and/or increase in local calcium levels. Thus, voltage and calcium ions are involved in gating the channel under physiological conditions. This dual activation makes them perfect sensors for many cellular events that require integration between intracellular calcium levels and electrical signals. A plethora of physiological and pathophysiological functions, such as membrane hyperpolarization, modulation of synaptic transmission, hormone secretion or mental deficiencies, vaso-regulation, epilepsies, heart diseases, myotonic dystrophies, hypertension etc, in almost all cells and tissues were reported for these channels. BK channels are main targets for important ligands like alcohol and gaseous neurotransmitters, such as NO, CO or H2S, to name a few. In the last years, the molecular entities and mechanisms involved in modulation of BK channels have gained tremendous attention, as the key role of these channels in cellular processes became increasingly recognized. Indeed, accessory proteins such as slob, beta and gamma subunits, all serve to modulate the channel gating characteristics. Moreover, channel subunit expression and function is further tuned by phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation processes, redox mechanisms and the lipid microenvironment of the BK channel protein complex. This e-book contains structural and functional aspects of BK channels, channel modulation by a variety of agents and cellular components, as well as the channel’s relevance in health and disease.
BK channel --- hydrogensulfide --- maxi calcium activated potassium channel --- disease --- nervous system --- Slo --- KCNMA1 --- health --- ethanol --- ischemia
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Terrestrial plants are sessile organisms that, differently from animals, can not move in searching of the nutrients and water they need. Instead, they have to change continuously their physiology and morphology to adapt to the environmental changes. When plants suffer from a nutrient deficiency, they develop physiological and morphological responses (mainly in their roots) aimed to facilitate the acquisition and mobilization of such a nutrient. Physiological responses include some ones like acidification of the rizhosphere and release of chelating agents into the medium; and morphological responses include others, like changes in root architecture and development of root hairs. The regulation of these responses is not totally known but in the last years different plant hormones and signaling substances, such as auxin, ethylene, cytokinins and nitric oxide, have been involved in their control. Besides hormones, oxidative stress has also been related with most of the nutrient deficiencies. The relationship of ethylene with the regulation of responses to nutrient deficiencies came from the nineties, when some works presented data suggesting its involvement in the regulation of responses to Fe and P deficiency. In the last years, the role of ethylene has been extended to many other nutrient deficiencies, such as K deficiency, Mg deficiency, S deficiency, N deficiency, and others. In most of the cases, it has been found that ethylene production, as well as the expression of ethylene synthesis genes, increases under these nutrient deficiencies. Furthermore, it has also been found that ethylene controls the expression of genes related to responses to different deficiencies. The involvement of ethylene in so many deficiencies suggests that it should act in conjunction with other signals that would confer nutrient-specificity to the distinct nutrient responses. These other signals could be plant hormones (auxin, cytokinins, etc) as well as other substances (nitric oxide, microRNAs, peptides, glutathione, etc), either originated in the roots or coming from the shoots through the phloem. The role of ethylene in the mineral nutrition of plants is even more complex that the one related to its role in the responses to nutrient deficiencies. Ethylene has also been implicated in the N2 fixation of legume plants; in salt tolerance responses; and in responses to heavy metals, such as Cd toxicity. All these processes are related to ion uptake and, consequently, are related to plant mineral nutrition. We consider a good opportunity to review all this information in a coordinated way. This Research Topic will provide an overview about the role of the plant hormone ethylene on the regulation of physiological and morphological responses to different nutrient deficiencies. In addition, it will cover other aspects of ethylene related to plant nutrition such as its role on salinity, N2 fixation and tolerance to heavy metals.
Boron --- heavy metals --- Phosphate --- Iron --- nodulation --- Nitrogen --- Sulfur --- ethylene --- Potassium --- Salinity
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Water-electrolyte imbalances. --- Acid-base imbalances. --- Water-electrolyte imbalances --- Acid-base imbalances --- Water-Electrolyte Imbalance --- Acid-Base Imbalance --- Potassium --- physiopathology. --- diagnosis. --- metabolism. --- physiopathology --- diagnosis --- metabolism --- Water-electrolyte balance (Physiology) --- Acid-base equilibrium --- Kalium --- Alkali metals --- High-potassium diet --- Low-potassium diet --- Acid-base disorders --- Acid-base imbalance --- Imbalances, Acid-base --- Body fluid disorders --- Electrolyte disorders --- Electrolyte-water imbalances --- Imbalances, Water-electrolyte --- Water-electrolyte imbalance --- Electrolyte-water balance (Physiology) --- Fluid-electrolyte balance (Physiology) --- Water balance (Physiology) --- Homeostasis --- Aquaporins --- Fluid therapy --- Osmoregulation
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