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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

legume --- Rhizobium --- Nodule --- Symbiosis --- Sym pathway --- biological nitrogen fixation

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Since the 1990s, ultrasound (US) has played a major role in the assessment of thyroid nodules and their risk of malignancy. Over the last decade, the most eminent international societies have published US-based systems for the risk stratification of thyroid lesions, namely, Thyroid Imaging Reporting And Data Systems (TIRADSs). The introduction of TIRADSs into clinical practice has significantly increased the diagnostic power of US to a level approaching that of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). At present, we are probably approaching a new era in which US could be the primary tool to diagnose thyroid cancer. However, before using US in this new dominant role, we need further proof. This Special Issue, which includes reviews and original articles, aims to pave the way for the future in the field of thyroid US. Highly experienced thyroidologists focused on US are asked to contribute to achieve this goal.

n/a --- thyroid --- ultrasonography --- follicular neoplasm --- follicular lesion of unknown significance --- follicular thyroid cancer --- papillary thyroid carcinoma --- neoplasm metastasis --- biopsy --- fine-needle --- thyroglobulin --- US-guided minimally invasive techniques --- radiofrequency ablation --- RFA --- benign thyroid nodules --- thyroid cancer --- DTC recurrences --- PTMC --- long term --- follow-up --- regrowth --- classification system --- ultrasound classification system --- TIRAD --- nodule --- risk stratification --- TI-RADS --- fine-needle aspiration --- cancer --- ultrasound --- scintigraphy --- non-autonomously functioning --- thyroid imaging reporting and data systems (TIRADS) --- risk of malignancy (ROM) --- thyroid nodules --- paediatrics --- radiotherapy --- risk assessment --- DTC --- thyroid neoplasm --- medical imaging --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- deep learning --- radiomics --- prediction --- diagnosis --- Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS) --- pediatric thyroid nodules --- neck ultrasound --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) --- papillary thyroid cancer --- TIRADS --- thyroid nodule --- fine-needle aspiration biopsy --- elastosonography

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This book is the self-contained final volume of a comprehensive seven-volume series covering the basic and applied science relating to nitrogen fixation. It addresses the most important nitrogen-fixing symbiosis of all – that between legumes and their root-nodule bacteria – and therefore deals with the properties and behaviour of both macro- and micro-symbiont. The coverage is comprehensive, beginning with the extent of the symbiosis and how it may have arisen in the geological past. It considers how legumes select the root-nodule bacteria they allow to form nodules on their roots and the intricate series of signals to be exchanged between legume and bacteria for infection to occur. The immense progress in understanding the genetic systems in the bacteria necessary for nodulation is now being replicated in a rapidly increasing understanding of the required systems in the legumes. The cell biology of the processes of both infection and nodule development is analysed and leads to a parallel assessment of the biochemical processes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism required for successful nitroogen fixation by the symbiotic bacteroid. Attention is given to the ways in which the nodule has solved the conundrum of providing enough O2 for energy generation to drive nitrogen fixation without either inactivating the O2-sensitive nitrogenase or creating damaging reactive oxygen species. This volume also covers the basic physiology of the variety of root-nodule bacteria infecting legumes, as well as looking at the renewed controversy about the chemical form(s) of nitrogen exported to the legume. Successful exploitation of the legume symbiosis in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry demands an understanding of the ecology of the root-nodule bacteria – particularly what makes for a successful inoculant strain for legume introduction to agricultural systems. Then, there is a requirement for inoculation technology to both successfully deliver viable bacteria to the root surface and facilitate nodulation. These practical aspects are thoroughly covered in this volume, with a final chapter assessing how the massive amount of recent information can be exploited in matching host and microsymbiont for the wide variety of environments in which they are needed in our production systems.

Nitrogen --- Legumes. --- Rhizobium. --- Fixation. --- Root nodule bacteria --- Rhizobiaceae --- Bean family (Plants) --- Fabaceae --- Faboideae --- Leguminosae --- Lotoideae --- Papilionaceae --- Papilionatae --- Papilionoideae --- Pea family (Plants) --- Pulse crops --- Pulse family (Plants) --- Rosales --- Biological nitrogen fixation --- Bionitrogen fixation --- BNF (Biological nitrogen fixation) --- Dinitrogen fixation --- Fixation of nitrogen --- Nitrogen fixation --- Biogeochemical cycles --- Biochemistry. --- Life sciences. --- Agriculture. --- Botany. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Life Sciences, general. --- Plant Sciences. --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Natural history --- Plants --- Composition --- Plant science. --- Floristic botany

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Knowledge, new concepts, and theoretical and experimental studies on coatings of implant and bone surfaces have been explained. Recent advancements in coating methods and materials for surface coating have both been extensively shown. Research on the use of modified implants and bone can be viewed through this paper. Improved understanding of the processes underpinning greater functionality will result from this issue.

Medicine --- curcumin --- high glucose --- osteogenesis --- bone formation --- diabetic osteoporosis --- cell survival --- cell migration assay --- calcium silicate-based cements --- calcium nodule formation --- bone substitute --- sinus floor augmentation --- maxillary tuberosity --- blood clotting --- dental implants --- hydrophilicity --- titanium --- ultraviolet rays --- bone morphogenetic protein 4 --- cell differentiation --- cellular spheroids --- gingiva osteogenesis --- stem cells --- titanium mesh --- bone graft --- guided bone regeneration --- ridge augmentation --- surface topography --- bacterial adhesion --- biomimetics --- soft lithography --- surface modification --- anti-bacterial agents --- calcium phosphate --- guided tissue regeneration --- membranes --- calcium sulfate --- dental implant --- sinus lift --- bioactive materials --- bioactive ceramic --- bioactive glass --- nanohydroxyapatite --- sol-gel process

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Environmental conditions and nutritional stress may greatly affect crop performance. Abiotic stresses such as temperature (cold, heat), water (drought, flooding), irradiance, salinity, nutrients, and heavy metals can strongly affect plant growth dynamics and the yield and quality of horticultural products. Such effects have become of greater importance during the course of global climate change. Different strategies and techniques can be used to detect, investigate, and mitigate the effects of environmental and nutritional stress. Horticultural crop management is moving towards digitized, precision management through wireless remote-control solutions, but data analysis, although a traditional approach, remains the basis of stress detection and crop management. This Special Issue summarizes the recent progress in agronomic management strategies to detect and reduce environmental and nutritional stress effects on the yield and quality of horticultural crops.

Capsicum annuum --- heat units --- plant population density --- hail damage --- baby corn --- non-leguminous cover crops --- chopping --- baby corn yield --- baby corn quality --- kharif season --- Thuja standishii × plicata --- container production --- nursery production --- volumetric water content --- vegetables --- water deficit --- climate change --- polyols --- minerals --- flavonoids --- carotenoids --- salinity --- evapotranspiration --- leaching fraction --- calcium --- cactus pear --- GA3 --- injection application --- spraying application --- lignification --- photosynthesis --- chlorophyll --- proline --- ion leakage --- susceptibility --- electrical conductivity --- greenhouse --- image processing --- nutrient stress --- remote sensing --- Bradyrhizobium --- temperature-dependent distribution --- nodule composition --- proliferation in soil --- infection --- French bean --- mangetout --- peas --- antioxidant --- ascorbic acid --- total phenolic content --- mineral composition --- Bradyrhizobium japonicum --- Bradyrhizobium elkanii --- temperature effects --- growth --- competitive infection --- biochemical constituents --- β-carotene --- vitamins --- micro-nutrients --- growing environments --- Brix --- TAcy --- nitrogen --- potassium --- compositional data --- cranberry yield parameters --- firmness --- local diagnosis --- redundancy analysis --- n/a