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This book compiles the Special Issue of Applied Sciences, entitled “Application of Biology to Cultural Heritage”, and aims to cover all the latest outstanding progress on the biological and biochemical methods developed and applied to cultural heritage.Eleven excellent papers (including both reviews and full research articles) form part of this book and each paper went through a hard and demanding review in order to ensure maximum quality. We do thank all the reviewers for their efforts which are so crucial for the improvement of the now-published papers. In the field of cultural heritage, biodiversity and biodeterioration have received a great deal of research attention in recent years. This book intends to provide a comprehensive examination of the science of biology in various fields and areas, as well as its practical application for the preservation of cultural heritage. Full research articles and reviews on all aspects of biological causes, modes of action, biocidal treatments, and the protection of cultural heritage are here presented, as well as long-term studies on the biodeterioration of cultural heritage sites and monuments.Analyses and tests of macro- and micro-organisms affecting the preservation of cultural heritage are also addressed.The knowledge that has arisen from the papers published on the studies on new techniques and new products applied to the field of cultural heritage may now be translated into new conservation and restoration treatments in similar objects, sites and supports. This was the main goal and it was achieved in a mission that we carried out with great pleasure and dedication.

cultural heritage --- biodeterioration --- biodiversity of microorganisms --- stone surfaces --- historical sandstone --- next-generation sequencing --- metal --- conservation --- cleaning --- hydrogels --- organogels --- bio-solvents --- biofilm --- microbial community --- algae --- cyanobacteria --- fungi --- bacteria --- next generation sequencing --- granite --- Trentepohlia --- deteriorative action --- enzymatic activity --- Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck --- cinnamaldehyde --- antimicrobial activity --- biodegradation --- built cultural heritage --- cityscape --- laboratory and field analysis --- maintenance plan --- mortar --- Parietaria judaica --- schist --- urban area --- weed control --- biocleaning --- bioconsolidation --- biocalcification --- biopolymers --- carbonatogenic bacteria --- MICP --- microorganisms --- stone restoration --- marble decay --- dark discoloration --- stone microbiota --- black fungi --- cultural heritage conservation --- multifunctional coating --- stone biodeterioration --- biofilms --- biocide --- zosteric sodium salt --- 2-mercaptobenzothiazole --- silica nanosystems --- phellem --- birch bark --- decay --- light microscopy --- transmission electron microscopy --- archaeology --- ice patch --- waterlogged --- stained glass --- glazed tiles --- biodiversity --- laboratory experiments --- n/a

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This book is a selection of manuscripts devoted to the conservation and preservation of wooden cultural heritage. The articles present the new methods for conservation of various historical wooden artefacts, reliable modern techniques for characterisation of the wood structure, properties and degree of degradation, and discusses problems and doubts related to all aspects of conservation and re-conservation of wooden cultural heritage. It contains both review and research papers to give the readers a broader picture of the problems and issues related to the conservation of wooden historical objects and structures. We need to remember that wooden cultural heritage is an integral part of our culture and history that define our humanity. We are obliged to protect it, save it from oblivion, and preserve it for future generations.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) --- X-ray diffraction (XRD) --- dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) --- archaeological wood --- wood conservation and preservation --- piles --- waterlogged wood --- soft rot --- decay --- microscopy --- degraded wood --- silane --- FT-IR --- alkoxysilanes --- wood-silane interactions --- wood stabilisation --- wood conservation --- silane treatment --- reliquary --- electron microscopy --- wood --- restoration --- halloysite nanotubes --- Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck --- waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW) --- wood properties --- microbial composition --- gap-fillers --- gap-filling materials --- wooden artefacts --- wood exposed outdoors --- microballoons --- resins --- glass beads --- cellulose powder --- binders --- hygrothermal performance --- timber buildings --- cultural heritage --- numerical simulations --- monitoring and sensors --- climate models --- fungi identification --- mold growth modelling --- soda lignin --- penetration --- infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) --- pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) --- scanning electron microscopy (SEM) --- historical wood --- wood degradation --- artefact --- heritage --- conservation --- cultural conservator --- consolidation --- sorption --- degradation --- drying --- PEG --- alum --- reburial --- in situ preservation --- medieval shipwreck --- charred wood --- chemical analysis --- EDS --- FTIR --- XRD --- proximate analysis --- PEG treatment --- acetic acid --- volatile emissions --- GC–MS --- marine archaeological wood --- moisture content --- polyethylene glycol --- computational modelling --- Mary Rose --- predictive model --- archaeological wooden structures --- structural analysis --- geodetic systems --- drying process --- heritage wood --- sustainability --- bio-based polymers --- consolidants