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An interdisciplinary collection of papers focussing on infections, chronic illness, and the impact of infectious diseases on medieval society, with contributions by academics from a variety of disciplines and a diverse range of international institutions.
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The studies in this volume present early science in its rich and divergent complexity. Many historians of the Scientific Revolution have used early modern scholasticism to represent pre-seventeenth century science as a whole, but a close look at ancient, medieval, and even early modern scientific writers shows that before the Scientific Revolution - and not only in Europe - there were many and diverse traditions of interpreting the natural world. This book provides a broad range of historical evidence concerning early science, which may be used as a basis for new and more complex historical interpretations. Originally published as Volume XIV, Nos. 1-3 (2009) of Brill's journal Early Science and Medicine .
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This volume collects and analyses the available biographical data on 600 Jewish medical practitioners in the 9-16th century Muslim world. Both the biographies and the accompanying discussion shed light on both the medicine of the period and practitioners' professional, daily and personal lives; Jewish communities; and inter-religious affairs.
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First Published in 1995. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
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Connue de longue date pour ses visions, l'abbesse allemande Hildegarde de Bingen (1098-1179) a conquis ces dernières années un public de plus en plus large grâce à deux autres de ses dons. Cette bénédictine géniale, dont la longue vie fut particulièrement active, s'essaya en effet avec autant de succès à la musique et à la médecine, domaines dans lesquels peu de femmes ont laissé leur nom. Ses chants liturgiques (dont elle composa elle-même le texte et la musique) ont été conservés dans des manuscrits contemporains de leur auteur, et sont abondamment joués et enregistrés. Sa science naturelle en revanche, si elle séduit un nombre toujours croissant d'adeptes en quête d'alternatives à la médecine traditionnelle, ne présente pas les mêmes garanties de fiabilité : les préceptes médicaux de Hildegarde, que le public redécouvre aujourd'hui avec enthousiasme, nous ont été transmis par des manuscrits tardifs, et donc susceptibles d'avoir subi bon nombre de modifications. Les écrits scientifiques qu'elle conçut et rédigea se confondent-ils réellement avec ceux qui nous sont parvenus ? L'édition qu'on en donna à la Renaissance à Strasbourg fut-elle établie d'après un manuscrit aujourd'hui disparu, ou est-elle une belle infidèle ? Et si l'étonnant savoir naturaliste de Hildegarde est bien le sien, d'où cette moniale prétendûment inculte tenait-elle ces connaissances ? Autant de questions que l'auteur a tenté de résoudre en prenant ces traités médicaux en filature à travers les siècles : les résultats de l'enquête forment le récit des aventures et des avatars d'un oiseau rare, une œuvre scientifique composée par une femme hors du com¬mun dans l'Occident du XIIe siècle.
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Numerous studies describe the genetic make-up of populations living outside Europe and North America. Many of these tackle human genetic variation with the explicit aim of identifying gene variants of medical significance for the populations studied. However, the chapter points to rather different motivations, showing how recent studies documenting the genetic constitution of non-Western populations have grown out of, and serve the purposes of, efforts to identify genetic factors which influence the health of populations in Europe and North America. Analysing the past thirty-five years of medical research literature, the chapter shows how, in this context, efforts to identify genetic variants of possible significance for disease aetiology have shifted to include large-scale association studies in populations rather than families. It discusses how research with local concerns must nonetheless take into account the global distribution of genes and genotypes, thus making studies of the genetic causes of disease, wherever conducted, increasingly global in their purview. The chapter also argues that this recent knowledge of human population genomics has developed in a way which reinscribes ideas of racial difference into biomedical understanding of human populations, and creates tools for excluding supposedly non-Western populations from research oriented towards the concerns of Western institutions.
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This chapter will examine the cultural history of medicine through animals. Historical scholarship on animals has grown exponentially in the last decades. Described as the 'animal turn', it offers new perspectives on human culture by examining the roles animals have played in human society, although it often still remains at the margins or between disciplines (Ritvo 2007: 118-22). It includes cultural history (Resl 2009), archaeology (O'Connor 2013), environmental history, intellectual history and the study of animals as commodities, encompassing fields as disparate from zoo studies to evolutionary history. In the field of medieval studies, animals have remained at the periphery of medical history and are rarely the focus of scholarship. Although they are accorded due attention in veterinary history, there has been little work on their place in medical history.1 This chapter hopes to inspire the reader with a brief survey of the multiple ways in which animals and humans intersect in medieval medical history, looking at animals as medical metaphors; animals as a source of ill health and injury; animals used for nourishment and healing; and the parallels between the treatment of animals and humans.
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Since Roy Porter's pioneering work on the 'patient's view', historians have taken up the challenge to rewrite medicine's past 'from below'. However, this chapter argues that they have not been radical enough and have neglected a key part of Porter's agenda for the new social history of medicine. He wrote: 'We should stop seeing the doctor as the agent of primary care. People took care before they took physick. What we habitually call primary care is in fact secondary care, once the sufferer has become a patient, [and] has entered the medical arena.' In other words, the beliefs, behaviour and actions of sick people who did not go to the doctor and remained 'non-patients'. To explore the 'non-patient's view', we have to look beyond self-care and the use of proprietary remedies and alternative medicine. The sociological term of the 'symptom iceberg', which refers to the aches and ailments that never reach the doctor, is used as a guide. In turn, historical examples to the following responses to symptoms are discussed: doing nothing; prayer; finding information; looking to family and friends; over-the-counter medicines. The chapter suggests how historians can research the 'non-patient's view', by interrogating familiar sources in new ways and finding novel sources, many of which will have previously been regarded as non-medical. Finally, the chapter considers the policy implications of this work in terms of recent attempts to ease pressures on healthcare systems that encourage people 'not to see the doctor' and opt for self-care.
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What are the ethics that shape or should shape engagement with historical medical data, particularly archives containing patient voices? This question has come to the fore through the 'Men, Women and Care' project, a European Research Council-funded project creating a database of information drawn from the PIN 26 personal pension award records from the First World War. Held by the National Archives, London, these records contain a wealth of personal information, including potentially sensitive details of medical conditions and diagnoses, as well as material concerning stigmatising social situations, such as domestic violence, prostitution and illegitimacy. Using material drawn from 'Men, Women and Care', this chapter considers the opportunities presented and challenges posed by this material as sources for historical analysis. It considers issues of both disciplinary practice and theoretical framing to explore the position of the historian in relation to analysing and disseminating the historical patient voice. In doing so, it asks what use historians can and should make of this information and what steps the historical community might consider taking to articulate a code of ethics around practice that is sensitive both to family feeling and academic enquiry.
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This book presents an engaging, detailed portrait of the people, ideas, and beliefs that made up the world of English medieval medicine between 750 and 1450, a time when medical practice extended far beyond modern definitions. The institutions of court, church, university, and hospital--which would eventually work to separate medical practice from other duties--had barely begun to exert an influence in medieval England, writes Faye Getz. Sufferers could seek healing from men and women of all social ranks, and the healing could encompass spiritual, legal, and philosophical as well as bodily concerns. Here the author presents an account of practitioners (English Christians, Jews, and foreigners), of medical works written by the English, of the emerging legal and institutional world of medicine, and of the medical ideals present among the educated and social elite. How medical learning gained for itself an audience is the central argument of this book, but the journey, as Getz shows, was an intricate one. Along the way, the reader encounters the magistrates of London, who confiscate a bag said by its owner to contain a human head capable of learning to speak, and learned clerical practitioners who advise people on how best to remain healthy or die a good death. Islamic medical ideas as well as the poetry of Chaucer come under scrutiny. Among the remnants of this far distant medical past, anyone may find something to amuse and something to admire.
Medicine --- Medicine, Medieval --- Health Workforce --- History. --- History
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