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By the mid-19th century, when Japan was still largely closed to the West, smallpox epidemics had killed an estimated ten percent of the Japanese population. This text details the appalling cost of Japan's almost 300 year isolation and examines in depth a nation on the cusp of political and social upheaval.

Smallpox vaccine --- Smallpox --- J7000.70 --- J7018.60 --- J7900 --- J7910 --- Small pox --- Variola --- Varioloid --- Poxvirus diseases --- Viral vaccines --- History --- Vaccination --- Japan: Science and technology -- history -- Kindai (1850s- ), bakumatsu, Meiji, Taishō --- Japan: Science and technology -- Rangaku and yōgaku -- medical science --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- general and history --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- public health and general hygiene --- History.