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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Interleukin-1 --- Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist --- anti-interleukin-1 monoclonal antibody --- Inflammasomes --- Chronic inflammatory diseases --- Autoinflammatory diseases --- Arthritis --- Osteoathritis --- Skin Diseases --- crystal-induced inflammation

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This Special Issue celebrates the 25th anniversary of the discovery of the first microRNA. The size of the microRNome and complexity of animal body plans and organ systems suggests a role for microRNAs in cell fate determination and differentiation. More than 2000 sequences have been proposed to represent unique microRNA genes in humans, with an increasing number of mechanistic roles identified in developmental, physiological, and pathological processes. Thus, dysregulation of a few key microRNAs can have a profound global effect on the gene expression and molecular programs of a cell. This great potential for clinical intervention has captured the interest and imagination of researchers in many fields. However, very few fields have been as prolific as the field of cancer research. This Special Issue provides but a glimpse of the large body of literature of microRNA biology in cancer research, containing 4 original research studies and 4 review articles that focus on specific hematologic or solid tumors in disease. Collectively, these articles highlight state-of-the-art approaches and methodologies for microRNA detection in tissue, blood, and other body fluids in a range of biomarkers applications, from early cancer detection to prognosis and treatment response. The articles also address some of the challenges regarding clinical implementation.

leukemia --- n/a --- cell lines --- hepatitis B virus --- long non coding RNA --- normalization of miRNA expression in RT-qPCR --- children --- colorectal --- review --- bevacizumab --- tumor budding cells --- oral cancer --- liquid biopsy --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- small t-antigen --- colorectal cancer --- protein-miRNA complex --- biomarkers --- biomarker --- interleukin-1? --- tissue analysis --- miRNAs --- T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) --- leukoplakia --- inflammation --- exosomes --- circulating free DNA --- hepatitis C virus --- miRNA --- miR-21 --- extracellular microRNA --- endogenous controls --- lymphoma --- confocal slide scanning microscopy --- early diagnosis --- reference genes --- large T-antigen --- microRNA --- miRNA (microRNA) --- cancer --- TNF-? --- plasma --- MicroRNAs.

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Blindness and visual impairment impact significantly on an individual’s physical and mental well-being. Loss of vision is a global health problem, with approximately 250 million of the world’s population currently living with vision loss, of which 36 million are classified as blind. Visual impairment is more frequent in the elderly, with cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) accounting for over 50% of cases globally. Oxidative stress has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of both conditions, and consequently the role of nutritional factors, in particular carotenoids and micronutrient antioxidants, have been investigated as possible preventative or therapeutic strategies. Dry eye syndrome (DES) is one of the most common ophthalmic conditions in the world. DES occurs where the eye does not produce enough tears and/or the tears evaporate too quicklyleading to discomfort and varying degrees of visual disturbance. There has recently been a great deal of interest in the potential for oral or topical supplementation with essential fatty acids (EFAs), specifically omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, as an adjunct to conventional treatments for DES. The objective of this Special Issue on ‘Nutrition and Eye Health’ is to publish papers describing the role of nutrition in maintaining eye health and the use of nutritional interventions to prevent or treat ocular disease. A particular (but not exclusive) emphasis will be on papers (reviews and/or clinical or experimental studies) relating to cataract, AMD and DES.

polyphenols --- n/a --- crocin --- chyrsin --- glaucoma --- dietary assessment --- photoreceptor degeneration --- dry eye --- RR-zeaxanthin --- nutritional supplements --- drug discovery --- corneal neovascularization (CNV) --- AMD --- dietary antioxidants --- micronutrients --- age-related macular degeneration --- preclinical models --- lenses --- microvascular lesions --- cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) --- angiogenesis --- fish oil --- macrophage --- anti-oxidant --- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) --- rosmarinic acid --- visual cycle --- diabetic retinopathy --- lutein --- gut-retina axis --- light damage --- crocetin --- supplements --- clinical practice guidelines --- nutrition --- light --- eye disease --- dietary habits --- flavonoids --- phytoconstituents --- saffron --- carotenoids --- fatty acid --- electroretinography --- lens --- advanced glycation end products --- interleukin-1? (IL-1?) --- mesozeaxanthin (RS zeaxanthin) --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids --- clinical survey --- corneal chemical burn --- reduced glutathione --- omega-3 --- AGREE II --- retina --- inflammation --- anti-inflammatory --- retinal pigment epithelium --- diet --- Lactobacillus paracasei KW3110 --- Crocus Sativus L. --- saponins --- cataract --- CODS --- neoangiogenesis --- estrogen-deficient rats --- food frequency questionnaire --- gut microbiota --- antioxidant supplements --- sinapic acid --- personalised medicine --- systematic reviews --- nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-?B) --- diabetes --- Cucurbita argyrosperma --- oxidative stress --- endoplasmic reticulum

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The development of paediatric medicines can be challenging since this is a different patient population with specific needs. A medicine designed for use in paediatric patients must consider the following aspects: patient population variability; the need for dose flexibility; route of administration; patient compliance; excipient tolerability. For example, the toxicity of excipients may differ in children compared to adults and children have different taste preferences. Globally, about 75% of drugs do not carry regulatory approval for use in children; worldwide, many medications prescribed for the treatment of paediatric diseases are used off-label, and less than 20% of package inserts have sufficient information for treating children. This book provides an update on both state-of-the-art methodology and operational challenges in paediatric formulation design and development. It aims at re-evaluating what is needed for more progress in the design and development of age-appropriate treatments for paediatric diseases, focusing on: formulation development; drug delivery design; efficacy, safety, and tolerability of drugs and excipients.

dasatinib --- Duchenne muscular dystrophy --- cyclodextrin inclusion complex --- phase solubility studies --- paediatric age --- liquid formulation --- tumorspheres --- retinoblastoma --- topotecan --- penetration --- confocal microscopy --- poorly water soluble drug --- solubility enhancement --- grinding --- spray congealing --- neglected tropical diseases --- polymorph --- Norvir® --- ritonavir --- poorly soluble compound --- pediatric --- palatability assessment --- bioavailability --- flavor profile --- Interleukin-1 --- anakinra --- canakinumab --- innovative biotechnologies --- autoinflammatory disease --- Kawasaki disease --- systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis --- personalized medicine --- child --- pediatrics --- neonates --- formulation --- product development --- formulation development --- oral --- parenteral --- topical --- inhaled --- intra nasal --- biopharmaceutics --- administration --- excipient --- NICU --- device --- medication error --- dosage form --- modified release --- drug delivery --- paediatric formulation development --- paediatric dosage forms --- chronic myeloid leukemia --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- pediatric age --- imatinib --- nilotinb --- ponatinib --- Orodispersible formulation --- pyrazinamide --- pediatric drug delivery --- tuberculosis --- design of experiments --- children --- edible films --- development --- design --- paediatric --- age-related --- palatable --- taste-masking --- acceptable