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From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions conducted a number of trials against individuals accused by members of their communities of being of the other gender – men accused of being women and women accused of being men – or even hermaphrodites. Using new inquisitorial sources, this study examines the complexities revolving around transgenderism and the construction of gender identity in the early modern Iberian World. It throws light upon the manner in which the Inquisition, medical practitioners and the wider society in Spain and Portugal responded to transgenderism and on the self-perception of individuals whose behaviour, whether consciously or unconsciously, flouted these social and sexual conventions.

Transgenderism --- Transgender people --- Gender identity --- Inquisition --- History. --- Gender identity -- Portugal -- History. --- Gender identity -- Spain -- History. --- Inquisition -- Portugal -- History. --- Inquisition -- Spain -- History. --- Transgender people -- Portugual -- History. --- Transgender people -- Spain -- History. --- Transgenderism -- Portugal -- History. --- Transgenderism -- Spain -- History. --- Identification (Psychology) --- Psychosexual Development --- Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological --- History, Early Modern 1451-1600 --- Religion --- History, Modern 1601 --- -Psychoanalytic Theory --- History --- Defense Mechanisms --- Personality Development --- Humanities --- Sexual and Gender Disorders --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Personality --- Mental Disorders --- Psychological Theory --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Gender Identity --- History, 17th Century --- History, 18th Century --- History, 16th Century --- Religion and Sex --- Transsexualism --- Gender & Ethnic Studies --- Social Sciences --- Gender Studies & Sexuality --- Gender nonconformity -- Portugal -- History. --- Gender nonconformity -- Spain -- History. --- Gender nonconformity --- Gender variance (Gender nonconformity) --- Genderqueer --- Non-binary gender --- TGNC (Transgender and gender nonconformity) --- TG people --- TGs (Transgender people) --- Trans-identified people --- Trans people --- Transgender-identified people --- Transgendered people --- Transgenders --- Transpeople --- Holy Office --- Sex identity (Gender identity) --- Sexual identity (Gender identity) --- Gender expression --- Sexual minorities --- Autos-da-fé --- Identity (Psychology) --- Sex (Psychology) --- Queer theory --- Persons --- Gender dysphoria